L. Rainer's research while affiliated with University of California, Berkeley and other places
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Publications (18)
Rising computing power, improved graphics quality, higher-resolution displays, and streaming delivery have rendered computer gaming an increasingly energy-intensive activity. However, the role of gaming-related energy use, and how it varies across platforms, has not been substantively examined by the energy or gaming research communities. We measur...
In 2010, as one of many energy initiatives within a broader economic stimulus program, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) initiated development of a new web-based computer tool and method for providing an energy rating of existing single-family homes. The resulting Home Energy Scoring Tool is a key...
The Home Energy Saver (HES) suite offers popular online simulation tools that enable U.S. homeowners and energy professionals to rigorously evaluate home energy use and develop recommendations on how energy can be saved across all end uses. The underlying analytical system is also available as a web service to power third-party energy analysis tool...
Solar-reflective roofs stay cooler in the sun than solar-absorptive roofs. Such “cool” roofs achieve lower surface temperatures that reduce heat conduction into the building and the building's cooling load. We monitored the effects of cool roofs on energy use and environmental parameters in six California buildings at three different sites: a retai...
Dark roofs raise the summertime air-conditioning demand of buildings. For highly-absorptive roofs, the difference between the surface and ambient air temperatures can be as high as 90 F, while for highly-reflective roofs with similar insulative properties, the difference is only about 20 F. For this reason, cool roofs are effective in reducing cool...
We discuss the application of an end-use load shape estimation technique to develop annual energy use intensities (EUIs) and hourly end-use load shapes (LSs) for commercial buildings in the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) service territory. Results will update inputs for the commercial sector energy and peak demand forecasting models used b...
This project represents a unique research effort to address the commercial sector end-use energy forecasting data needs of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and the California Energy Commission (CEC). The object of the project was to develop an updated set of commercial sector end-use energy use intensity (EUI) data that has been fully re...
The Southern California Edison Company (SCE) has conducted an extensive metering project in which electricity end use in 53 commercial buildings in Southern California has been measured. The building types monitored include offices, retail stores, groceries, restaurants, and warehouses. One year (June 1989 through May 1990) of the SCE measured hour...
This report documents the methodology used to determine the load patterns and estimate the building populations for various commercial and multi-family buildings in 20 representative markets of the US. The task involved describing nearly 500 prototypical buildings by building type, vintage, and city, defining their internal conditions and operating...
In this study, sponsored by the California Energy Commission (CEC), we used a new end-use load shape estimation technique to develop a database of commercial sector end-use load shapes and energy-use intensities (EUIs) for the CEC's commercial energy and peak load forecasting models. The technique relied on a reconciliation of whole-building hourly...
This paper reviews and compares existing studies of energy use intensities (EUIs) and load shapes (LSs) in the commercial sector, focusing on studies that used California data. Our review of EUI studies found fairly good agreement on electric lighting and cooling EUIs. Other EUIs, notably electric miscellaneous in offices, retail, and food stores;...
It has been well documented that summer heat islands increase the demand for air conditioning. Several studies have suggested developing guidelines to mitigate this negative effect, on both micro- and meso-scales. Reducing summer heat islands saves cooling energy, reduces peak demand, and reduces the emission of COâ from electric power plants. This...
The use of dark roofs affects cooling and heating energy use in buildings and the urban climate. At the building scale, dark roofs are heated by the summer sun and thus raise the summertime air-conditioning (a/c) demand. For highly-absorptive (low-albedo) roofs the difference between the surface and ambient air temperatures may be as high as 90 F o...
Energy use and environmental parameters were monitored in three AT and T regeneration buildings during the summer of 2000. These buildings are constructed with concrete and are about 14.9 m2 (160 f2; 10x16 ft)in size. The buildings were initially monitored for about 1 1/2 months to establish a base condition. Then, the roofs of the buildings were p...
Citations
... Por otro lado, las variaciones en 44 apartamentos idénticos fueron de hasta 35 kW h/m 2 por año en el consumo total de electricidad, donde quien menos consumió requirió 4.8 kW h/m 2 y quien más alcanzó 41 kW h/m 2 anual (Jian et al., 2015), como se observa en la Figura 2.1. En Estados Unidos, en la ciudad de Homestead, Florida, 10 viviendas exactamente iguales variaron su consumo de energía hasta 3 veces, donde el mínimo fue de 68 kW h/m 2 y el máximo de 225 kW h/m 2 (Parker et al., 2012). ...
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... The per-system energy used for gaming is higher today than in the early days of the activity. The extremes of this spectrum are defined by the 1970s-era Pong game at ~ 10 W per system when played on the original consoles, versus today's highest-performance purpose-built gaming PCs, with the potential of drawing closer to 700 W. This trend has been accompanied by a growing installed base of gaming devices together with increasing amounts of time spent gaming (Mills et al. 2017). This can give rise to a "false-choice" perception of unavoidable trade-offs between gaming user experience and energy efficiency, yet in recent years the gaming industry has demonstrated an ability to improve these two factors simultaneously. ...
... This energy consumption contributes to carbon emissions, which in turn contributes to climate change. The energy consumption of gaming devices is a major contributor to the industry's carbon footprint (Mills et al., 2019). Therefore, promoting energy efficiency should be a priority for the gaming industry. ...
Reference: How Gaming Can Be More Sustainable?
... 3. Improving PV conversion efficiency: The distance between the surface of the rooftop and the back surface of the PV is sufficient to prevent the heat generated from the solar panels from reaching the roof surface, and it facilitates the natural cooling of the solar panels and the rooftops. Combination of PV and ventilated roof improve PV conversion efficiency and reduce cooling load [34,38]. 4. Improving the air-conditioning efficiency: Improving the air-conditioning efficiency by creating a cooler microclimate zone beneath the PV arrays and by preventing the effect of direct normal irradiance (GDNI) on the outdoor unit of the ac. ...
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... The effect of trees and vegetation was monitored, modelled and simulated in many studies [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115]93]. Most of the studies were case studies and conducted at city-scale or individual building scale. ...
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... In 1998, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program was generated by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) [33]. LEED has a subsection focused on the certification of the residential buildings, where the rules for singlefamily homes and multifamily buildings are set. ...
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... Many researchers around the world have studied different types of roof treatment while reducing energy consumption (Bansal, 1992;Barrio, 1998;Eumorfolous & Aravantinos, 1998;Konopacki, 1998;Akbari et al., 2000;Takakura et al., 2000;Onmura, 2001;Jayasinge et al., 2003;Ciampi et al., 2005;Gaffin, et al., 2005;Nyuk Hien et al., 2007;Shcherba et al., 2011;Shen et al., 2011, Xu, T. et al., 2012. Researches on the cooling potential of green roofs, reflective roofs and double roof's are among the passive cooling techniques studied for various climate conditions. ...
Reference: Asmat Ismail PhD Thesis.pdf
... CR with a reflective coating, increase the roof albedo from an average of 0.20-0.60 (Konopacki et al., 1998) (hereafter referred to as the typical absolute albedo change for CR). CR can reduce the proportion of solar radiation that is absorbed in urban areas, causing urban surface temperatures to drop accordingly, although some uncertainties remain. ...
... There is no commonly accepted definition for PBs. Reference [7] defined PBs as "a DOE-2 input model that is a representative of the average building stock for a particular building type." Reference [8] defined PBs as "buildings characterized by their functionality and geographic location, including indoor and outdoor climate conditions." ...
... The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory studied end-use load shapes and energy-use intensities of four types of commercial sector buildings: schools, colleges, healthcare systems, and lodging [26]. The end uses included cooling, ventilation, lighting (indoor and outdoor), cooking, refrigeration, and equipment. ...
