Kyle P Nadeau’s research while affiliated with Beckman Research Institute and other places

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Publications (6)


Multifrequency synthesis and extraction using square wave projection patterns for quantitative tissue imaging
  • Article
  • Full-text available

November 2015

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30 Reads

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35 Citations

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Kyle P Nadeau

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Bruce J Tromberg

We present a method for spatial frequency domain data acquisition utilizing a multifrequency synthesis and extraction (MSE) method and binary square wave projection patterns. By illuminating a sample with square wave patterns, multiple spatial frequency components are simultaneously attenuated and can be extracted to determine optical property and depth information. Additionally, binary patterns are projected faster than sinusoids typically used in spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), allowing for short (millisecond or less) camera exposure times, and data acquisition speeds an order of magnitude or more greater than conventional SFDI. In cases where sensitivity to superficial layers or scattering is important, the fundamental component from higher frequency square wave patterns can be used. When probing deeper layers, the fundamental and harmonic components from lower frequency square wave patterns can be used. We compared optical property and depth penetration results extracted using square waves to those obtained using sinusoidal patterns on an in vivo human forearm and absorbing tube phantom, respectively. Absorption and reduced scattering coefficient values agree with conventional SFDI to within 1% using both high frequency (fundamental) and low frequency (fundamental and harmonic) spatial frequencies. Depth penetration reflectance values also agree to within 1% of conventional SFDI. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Fig. 1 (a) Absorption coefficients of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, water, and lipid in the visible and near-infrared (VIS- NIR) (defined here as ∼400 to 1000 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) (defined here as ∼1000 to 2000 nm) regions, obtained from Refs. 3, 4, and 7, with each spectrum normalized to its maximum value for ease of comparison. Both water and lipid have prominent absorption peaks in the SWIR, despite not having many notable features in the VIS or NIR regions. These spectra suggest that SWIR measurements have the potential to provide tissue composition information that is not nearly as readily available in the VIS-NIR. (b) Absorption coefficients, from Ref. 8, of the same tissue constituents as in (a), from 500 to 1600 nm, with collagen and beta-carotene added, with each spectrum normalized to its maximum value (reproduced with permission). Collagen exhibits a major SWIR absorption peak near 1500 nm as well as secondary absorption peaks near 1050 and 1200 nm; most of this information content is not accessible with VIS-NIR measurements.  
Fig. 2 (a) Absorption spectrum μ a ðλÞ from 400 to 2000 nm for human skin tissue (N ¼ 21 samples) measured ex vivo in Ref. 19, with prominent absorption peaks labeled. (b) Reduced scattering spectrum μ 0 s ðλÞ from 400 to 2000 nm for the same human skin tissue dataset as in (a), modeled as a sum of Rayleigh scattering (λ −4 , most prominent at visible wavelengths) and Mie scattering (λ −0.22 , most prominent at NIR and SWIR wavelengths). Error bars represent standard deviation over the number of samples. Notable water and lipid absorption peaks are present throughout a large portion of the SWIR region, and the reduced scattering spectrum can be approximated by a Mie scattering power law in the SWIR region. These spectra suggest that SWIR measurements can be employed to detect spectral signatures of water and lipid in skin and that the power-law behavior of the reduced scattering coefficient extends into the SWIR regime. (Figure © Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Reproduced with permission of IOP publishing. All rights reserved).  
Fig. 4 Diffuse reflectance spectra (colored symbols) of (a)–(c) noncancerous and (d) and (e) cancerous human breast tissues over the range from 500 to 1600 nm, measured ex vivo with a fiber-probe-based setup and shown with fits of a diffusion theory model (black solid lines). 8 Differences between tissue types can be clearly seen and quantitatively related to changes in water and lipid volume fractions, which can then be employed for tissue classification. (Figure reproduced with permission.)  
Fig. 5 (a) Effective attenuation, μ eff ðλÞ and (b) absorption, μ a ðλÞ coefficients of a human forearm in vivo, from 1150 to 1520 nm, obtained from time-resolved reflectance with a fiber probe. 26 The measured μ a values in (b) are shown alongside models for μ a ðλÞ using water fractions of 47%, 52%, and 57%, represented with the broken line, solid line, and dotted line, respectively, employing the water absorption spectrum from Ref. 4. The water fraction of 52% was in good agreement with that obtained for muscle tissue using magnetic resonance imaging. This result suggests that the time-resolved SWIR imaging has the potential to quantitatively and noninvasively sense water content beneath the tissue surface in vivo. (Figure © Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Reproduced with permission of IOP publishing . All rights reserved).  
Fig. 6 Reduced scattering (top panel) and absorption (three bottom panels) coefficients from 850 to 1800 nm obtained for in vivo rat tissue preburn and ∼2-h postburn using a hybrid wide-field imaging method with spatially modulated and unmodulated light. 30 (Figure reproduced with permission).  

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Review of short-wave infrared spectroscopy and imaging methods for biological tissue characterization

March 2015

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5,041 Reads

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313 Citations

Journal of Biomedical Optics

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Kyle P Nadeau

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Frank B Jaworski

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We present a review of short-wave infrared (SWIR, defined here as similar to 1000 to 2000 nm) spectroscopy and imaging techniques for biological tissue optical property characterization. Studies indicate notable SWIR absorption features of tissue constituents including water (near 1150, 1450, and 1900 nm), lipids (near 1040, 1200, 1400, and 1700 nm), and collagen (near 1200 and 1500 nm) that are much more prominent than corresponding features observed in the visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR, defined here as similar to 400 to 1000 nm). Furthermore, the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient has been observed to follow a power-law decay from the VIS-NIR to the SWIR region. Thus, the magnitude of tissue scattering is lower at SWIR wavelengths than that observed at VIS or NIR wavelengths, potentially enabling increased penetration depth of incident light at SWIR wavelengths that are not highly absorbed by the aforementioned chromophores. These aspects of SWIR suggest that the tissue spectroscopy and imaging in this range of wavelengths have the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity (relative to VIS-NIR measurements) to chromophores such as water and lipids, thereby helping to characterize changes in the concentrations of these chromophores due to conditions such as atherosclerotic plaque, breast cancer, and burns. (C) 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)


Fig. 1 Reduced scattering spectra of rat tissue preburn (blue) and postburn (red), with extrapolated (850 to 1800 nm) power-law reduced scattering spectra (solid curves) plotted alongside reduced scattering coefficient values obtained directly by pixel-by-pixel fitting (circles) with a Monte Carlo model for the wavelengths from 850 to 1050 nm. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the extrapolated reduced scattering coefficient over the region of interest. The error bars for the direct-fit scattering coefficient are not pictured, as they are within the diameter of the circles.  
Fig. 2 (a) Digital color images (preburn and ∼2 h postburn) of the region of the rat that was contacted with the burn comb. (b) Map of reduced scattering amplitude A (preburn and ∼2 h postburn), from extrapolated power-law fit to reduced scattering coefficient obtained with SFDI from 850 to 1050 nm, over the region of the rat that was contacted with the burn comb. (c) Map of absorption coefficients at 1350 nm (preburn and ∼2 h postburn), over the subregion denoted by the white box in the color images and scattering amplitude maps, obtained by using the extrapolated reduced scattering coefficient and the unstructured illumination reflectance data Rðf 0 Þ at 1350 nm.  
Quantitative short-wave infrared multispectral imaging of in vivo tissue optical properties

August 2014

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314 Reads

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31 Citations

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Extending the wavelength range of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) into the short-wave infrared (SWIR) has the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity to chromophores such as water and lipids that have prominent absorption features in the SWIR region. Here, we present, for the first time, a method combining SFDI with unstructured (zero spatial frequency) illumination to extract tissue absorption and scattering properties over a wavelength range (850 to 1800 nm) largely unexplored by previous tissue optics techniques. To obtain images over this wavelength range, we employ a SWIR camera in conjunction with an SFDI system. We use SFDI to obtain in vivo tissue reduced scattering coefficients at the wavelengths from 850 to 1050 nm, and then use unstructured wide-field illumination and an extrapolated power-law fit to this scattering spectrum to extract the absorption spectrum from 850 to 1800 nm. Our proof-of-principle experiment in a rat burn model illustrates that the combination of multispectral SWIR imaging, SFDI, and unstructured illumination can characterize in vivo changes in skin optical properties over a greatly expanded wavelength range. In the rat burn experiment, these changes (relative to normal, unburned skin) included increased absorption and increased scattering amplitude and slope, consistent with changes that we previously reported in the near-infrared using SFDI. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.


Advanced demodulation technique for the extraction of tissue optical properties and structural orientation contrast in the spatial frequency domain

May 2014

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74 Reads

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61 Citations

Journal of Biomedical Optics

We have developed a method for extracting spatial frequency information content from biological tissue, which is used to calculate tissue optical properties and determine tissue structural orientation. This demodulation method employs a two-dimensional Hilbert transform using a spiral phase function in Fourier space. The approach presented here allows for the determination of tissue optical properties using a single frame of data for each modulation frequency, increasing imaging speed by two to threefold versus conventional, three-phase spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). This new single-phase Hilbert transform approach recovers optical property and scattering orientation index values within 1% and 10% of three-phase SFDI, respectively. These results suggest that, using the Hilbert demodulation technique, SFDI data acquisition speed can be increased significantly while preserving data quality, which will help us move forward toward the implementation of a real-time SFDI platform.


Illustration of SFDI instrument. Patterned light is projected onto a sample using a light source coupled with a spatial light modulator (SLM) inside a projection unit. The diffusely reflected light is then coupled to a lens and detected by a CCD inside a camera.
(a) Color, StO 2 , and μ s ′ images of kidney 1 before, during, and after arterial occlusion. (b) Average StO 2 percentages for three kidneys before ( < 8     min ), during (8–68 min), and after ( > 68     min ) occlusion with standard error bars. (c) Plot of mean μ s ′ (850 nm) of kidney 1 at three regions of interest with standard error bars, and μ s ′ spectra 6 min after occlusion ( t = 14 ), and 2 min before reperfusion ( t = 66 ), with corresponding fits and standard error bars.
Pathology slides ( 40 × ) showing the cross section of proximal tubules from kidney 3 (a) before occlusion (normal), (b) after 15 min of occlusion (separation of brush borders, shown by black arrow), and (c) after 1 h of occlusion (cell borders have disappeared, white arrow, and cells are detached from basement membrane, gray arrow).
Quantitative assessment of renal arterial occlusion in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging

September 2013

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270 Reads

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27 Citations

We present the results of a feasibility study with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to produce quantitative measurements of optical property and chromophore concentration maps of three porcine kidneys utilizing a renal occlusion model at the near-infrared wavelengths of 658, 730, and 850 nm. Using SFDI, we examined the dynamics of absolute oxygen saturation ( StO 2 ). The mean StO 2 for the kidneys varied from approximately 60% before occlusion, to 20% during occlusion, to 55% after reperfusion. We also present, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, reduced scattering coefficient ( μ s ′ ) maps of the kidney during occlusion. We observed a substantial decrease in the wavelength dependence of scattering (i.e., scattering power) in the three kidneys, with a mean decrease of 18 % ± 2.6 % , which is indicative of an increase in scatterer size, and is likely due to tissue changes such as edema that follow from occlusion and inflammation.


Component and system evaluation for the development of a handheld point-of-care spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) device

March 2013

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27 Reads

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6 Citations

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Recently, digital photography has become an efficient and economic method to assist dermatologists in monitoring skin characteristics. Although this technology has advanced a great deal in resolution and costs, conventional digital cameras continue to only provide qualitative recording of color information. To address this issue, we are developing a compact, quantitative skin imaging camera by employing spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), a non-contact approach for determining tissue optical properties over a wide field-of-view. SFDI uses knowledge of optical properties at multiple wavelengths to recover concentrations of tissue constituents such as oxy/deoxy-hemoglobin, water, and melanin. This method has been well researched and presented in laboratory and research settings. The next step in the development of SFDI systems is to make typical systems compact and cheaper using commercial components. We present our findings by performing a component-by-component analysis of key SFDI system components including light sources, projectors, and cameras.

Citations (6)


... Additionally, Nadeau et al. developed a multifrequency synthesis and extraction method as an alternative of the TPD. However, it required 7 uniformly phase-offset square wave patterns for the extraction of DC and three harmonic components for in vivo measurements [33]. Moreover, SPD methods can also quantify optical properties with a single measurement image, but are limited to 2 spatial frequencies and larger measurement uncertainties. ...

Reference:

Deep Ensemble Model for Quantitative Optical Property and Chromophore Concentration Images of Biological Tissues
Multifrequency synthesis and extraction using square wave projection patterns for quantitative tissue imaging

Journal of Biomedical Optics

... Discrimination between tumours and normal tissue was based on the IR spectral properties of the tissue components. In the approach, molecular vibrational changes in the IR wavelength regime (4000 to 700 cm -1 ) are measured; here, we note that IR spectroscopy can be used to measure molecular stretching and bending [18]. ...

Review of short-wave infrared spectroscopy and imaging methods for biological tissue characterization

Journal of Biomedical Optics

... Third, the handheld SFDI equipment has been designed and manufactured based on the increasing requirements for real-time applications. For example, Nadeau et al. analyzed several compact, low-cost hardware components, and presented data which were related to component evaluation realized by handheld SFDI devices [114]. They designed a small LED lamp with the size of 115 × 65 × 20 mm 3 . ...

Component and system evaluation for the development of a handheld point-of-care spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) device
  • Citing Conference Paper
  • March 2013

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

... Nanoparticle-based smart sensors that are used for enhancing of crop growth, accurate detection of stress, and limitation in resources can communicate through wireless optical signals for instantaneous surveillance of plant health status (Giraldo et al., 2019). Equipment like Raman and infrared spectroscopy can be used to monitor the health status of plants and possible manifestations of plant diseases (Altangerel et al., 2017;Wilson et al., 2014). Real-time surveillance of plant stressors and shortage of resources using a nanotechnology-based smart sensing system is based on vital signalling molecules such as calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), glucose and sucrose, and plant hormones like abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid etc. (Gilroy et al., 2014;Kim et al., 2010). ...

Quantitative short-wave infrared multispectral imaging of in vivo tissue optical properties

Journal of Biomedical Optics

... However, when this method divides the spatial spectrum into the DC and AC spectra, information will be lost, yielding the images with lower quality. For solving this problem, Nadeau et al. [79] proposed the SPD method, which applied the spiral phase function in a two-dimensional Fourier space to carry out two-dimensional Hilbert transformation, in which the spiral function was used to get spatial frequency information from the sinusoidal mode of rotation, and the speed of data acquisition is two to three times greater than that of the TPD method. Since then, researchers have begun to carry out many innovations in demodulation methods to further enhance efficiency [75,80]. ...

Advanced demodulation technique for the extraction of tissue optical properties and structural orientation contrast in the spatial frequency domain
  • Citing Article
  • May 2014

Journal of Biomedical Optics

... Clinically, SFDI has been successfully translated into surgical interventions, such as measuring ischemic onset in skin flaps, 14,15 kidney, 16 bowel, 14 and liver. 14 Additionally, SFDI has shown promise in oncologic margin detection for glioma, 17 esophageal cancer, 18 and colon cancer. ...

Quantitative assessment of renal arterial occlusion in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging