Kristin E. Flegal's research while affiliated with University of Glasgow and other places
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Publications (20)
This study newly investigated the joint contribution of metamemory and personality (traits and facets) in explaining episodic memory (EM) performance in typically aging older adults. Forty-eight participants (age range: 64–75 years) completed a self-paced word list (SPWL) recall task, a metamemory questionnaire assessing perceived control and poten...
Previous studies testing associations between polygenic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD-PGR) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures have been limited by small samples and inconsistent consideration of potential confounders. This study investigates whether higher LOAD-PGR is associated with differences in structural brain...
Recent research suggests genetic variation in the Klotho locus may modify the association between APOE ɛ4 and cognitive impairment. We tested for associations and interactions between these genotypes versus risk of dementia, cognitive abilities, and brain structure in older UK Biobank participants. Klotho status was indexed with rs9536314 heterozyg...
Improvements in patient outcomes and mortality after brain injury alongside increasing ageing population have resulted in an increasing need to develop cognitive interventions for individuals experiencing changes in their cognitive function. One topic of increasing research interest is whether cognitive functions such as attention, memory and execu...
Background and purpose: Previous studies testing associations between polygenic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD-PGR) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures have been limited by small samples and inconsistent consideration of potential confounders. This study investigates whether higher LOAD-PGR is associated with differen...
Importance: Recent research has suggested that genetic variation in the Klotho (KL) locus may modify the association between apolipoprotein e (APOE) e4 genotype and cognitive impairment.
Objective: Large-scale testing for associations and interactions between KL and APOE genotypes vs. risk of dementia (n=1,570 cases), cognitive abilities (n=174,513...
Aims
Recent reviews yield contradictory findings regarding the efficacy of working memory training and transfer to untrained tasks. We reviewed working memory updating (WMU) training studies and examined cognitive and neural outcomes on training and transfer tasks.
Methods
Database searches for adult brain imaging studies of WMU training were cond...
The efficacy of cognitive training is controversial, and research progress in the field requires an understanding of factors that promote transfer of training gains and their relationship to changes in brain activity. One such factor may be adaptive task difficulty, as adaptivity is predicted to facilitate more efficient processing by creating a pr...
Evidence for false recognition within seconds of encoding suggests that semantic-associative influences are not restricted to long-term memory, consistent with unitary memory accounts but contrary to dual store models. The present study sought further relevant evidence using a modified free recall converging associates task where participants studi...
Cognitive training programs that instruct specific strategies frequently show limited transfer. Open-ended approaches can achieve greater transfer, but may fail to benefit many older adults due to age deficits in self-initiated processing. We examined whether a compromise that encourages effort at encoding without an experimenter-prescribed strateg...
Episodic memory is associated with the encoding and retrieval of context information and with a subjective sense of reexperiencing past events. The neural correlates of episodic retrieval have been extensively studied using fMRI, leading to the identification of a "general recollection network" including medial-temporal, parietal, and prefrontal re...
Gist-based processing has been proposed to account for robust false memories in the converging-associates task. The deep-encoding processes known to enhance verbatim memory also strengthen gist memory and increase distortions of long-term memory (LTM). Recent research has demonstrated that compelling false memory illusions are relatively delay-inva...
This study measured distortions of memory during short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) versions of a semantically associated word list learning paradigm. Performance of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD; MMSE ≥16) was compared with performance of age-matched, healthy older adult participants.
In a STM version of th...
ABSTRACT Despite concern about cognitive decline in old age, few studies document the types and frequency of memory errors older adults make in everyday life. In the present study, 105 healthy older adults completed the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ; Sunderland, Harris, & Baddeley, 1983 , Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 341...
Neuroscience-inspired approaches to train cognitive abilities are bringing about a paradigm shift in the way scientists view the treatment of memory dysfunction, but it can be challenging to prove whether such approaches have significant effects.
Human memory is imperfect, whether in failing to recall some piece of information from the past, or falsely remembering something that didn't actually occur. Such errors are of special concern for older adults, as even healthy aging is associated with some decline in memory function. The present research investigates distortions within the putative...
Distortions of long-term memory (LTM) in the converging associates task are thought to arise from semantic associative processes and monitoring failures due to degraded verbatim and/or contextual memory. Sensory-based coding is traditionally considered more prevalent than meaning-based coding in short-term memory (STM), whereas the converse is true...
Cognitive training programs for older adults often result in improvements at the group level. However, there are typically large age and individual differences in the size of training benefits. These differences may be related to the degree to which participants implement the processes targeted by the training program. To test this possibility, we...
Skilled athletes often maintain that overthinking disrupts performance of their motor skills. Here, we examined whether these experiences have a basis in verbal overshadowing, a phenomenon in which describing memories for ineffable perceptual experiences disrupts later retention. After learning a unique golf-putting task, golfers of low and interme...
Citations
... Although APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 alleles are driving forces of AD and its related dementia, the burden of other risk alleles with smaller effects is also important for AD and dementia [9,10]. It has been shown that APOE predicts AD risk better at younger ages, while other risk alleles predict AD risk better in older ages [11,12]. In some ancestral groups, APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 had weak or even no associations with cognitive dysfunction [13,14]. ...
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... Non-white and Latino individuals were excluded from the analysis since they represented less than 5% of the initially identified participants. This was done to increase homogeneity in the analyzed cohort and reduce the potential confounding effect of population stratification, which is consistent with similar studies [26,27]. After processing genetic data as described below, 665 participants from the combined ADNI and NACC cohorts were selected for final analysis. ...
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... Likewise, working memory is also a critical component of complex cognition (e.g., it facilitates planning, comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving, etc.), and has long been known to be sensitive to age (Schmiedek et al., 2009;Verhaeghen and Zhang, 2013;Loosli et al., 2014;Bopp and Verhaeghen, 2020). Therefore, strategies to prevent and improve people's working memory, especially the memory updating ability, is also an important practical issue in aging research (for a review, see Pappa et al., 2020). ...
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... CCT exercises typically adjust to the person's ability so that training is always delivered at the "just right level" of challenge or at the edge of the person's ability level. The repetition, novelty, immediate feedback, and continuous adjustment of task difficulty based on the person's performance are thought to be critical in promoting neuroplasticity [6]. Findings on CCT for working memory and executive function in stroke have been mixed [7,8]. ...
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... Those with incomplete data were also excluded from calculations for this task (n = 1; 9/10 blocks incomplete). To index memory and semantic processing, we also included the Shopping List Memory Task modeled after Flegal et al. (2016). Scores for this task were calculated as the percentage of correct responses out of the 30 total trials, including misses. ...
... Rats with hippocampal damage fail to recognize familiar objects when the context is wrong or new, but can recognize the object in familiar context (Eacott & Norman, 2004;Langston & Wood, 2010). Reinstatement of the context during learning is essential for successful recall of the memory later (Davachi, 2006;Eichenbaum, Yonelinas, & Ranganath, 2007;Flegal, Marín-Gutiérrez, Ragland, & Ranganath, 2014;Kyle, Smuda, Hassan, & Ekstrom, 2015). ...
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... Here, we asked whether prior knowledge can influence not just LTM, but also STM, resulting in the generation of illusory short term memories. There is some suggestive evidence that illusory memories may indeed occur in STM: Just 3-4 seconds after reading a list of 3 or 4 interrelated words, participants were more likely to confirm that they saw a semantically related word that was not in the original list, compared to an unrelated new word [14][15][16]. Interestingly, world knowledge alone may underlie illusory memories in STM. ...
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... Deese-Roedinger-McDermott. We used the Deese-Roedinger-McDermott long-term memory (DRM) paradigm to examine participants' capacity for long-term memory retention (Roediger & McDermott, 1995;McEvoy et al., 1999). While this task is primarily used for studying false memory, it can be used as a general memory distortion task as well (MacDuffie et al., 2012;Cadavid & Beato, 2016). During the presentation phase of this task, participants passively viewed two sets of ten words associated with a not-presented critical word (e.g., child) presented one at a time. ...
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... Women are more likely to report memory problems compared to men regardless of the type of memory problem [5,13], though gender differences in performance-based tasks tend to be more mixed [14]. In contrast, education differences in reports of everyday memory problems remain unclear [15,16], despite long-standing observations of lower education as a risk for poorer memory performance across different types of memory [17,18]. The emphasis of existing questionnaires on general tendencies and long-term recall of everyday memory problems potentially obscures existing real-world differences in the occurrence and impact of memory problems among these different subgroups. ...
... However, even if these training methods are effective for a specific task, these effects may not be generalizable to memory in everyday life. Therefore, a combination of multiple training methods and interventions in daily life (i.e., a multimodal approach) has been proposed (Lustig et al., 2009;Ranganath et al., 2011;Ito et al., 2012;Wenger and Shing, 2016). In the present context, the complexity of everyday conversations is promising for improving memory. ...
