Khalil Gibran Muhammad’s scientific contributions

... In the context of carceral issues, political actors often use "law and order" or "tough on crime" frames, refer to people ar rested or incarcerated as "thugs" or "felons," or invoke concepts of non criminalized people as "innocent" or "hardworking" to conjure up im plicitly racialized dichotomies of Blackness versus whiteness, criminality versus virtue, and people to be feared versus people to be protected. The formation of these associations began in slavery and has continued through the current era through decades of entertainment, news media, and politi cians constructing Blackness as criminal, dangerous, and something to be feared (Muhammad 2019). In large cities like Los Angeles, dog whistles are often geographical, referring to people in communities that have been subjugated by race and class (such as "people in South Los Angeles"); de pict young Black or Brown people as violent or involved in gangs; and high light a violent incident as a justifier for the expansion of carceral systems (Muhammad 2019). ...

Reference:

Race Talk to Change Carceral Attitudes: A Field Experiment on Deep Canvass Organizing