Kevser Sahlan’s scientific contributions

Today historic baths deserve more detailed research on the characteristics of their water supply and heating systems in terms of their efficiency, sustainability, economy and capacity. In this paper, these characteristics are discussed on the case of the water supply and heating systems of “Çukur Hamam” in Manisa, Turkey. Dating to the 14th century, Çukur Hamam represents the general characteristics of its period, while it remains as a unique example because of its water supply systems designed to provide natural pressure by arranging various levels. In this paper, design principles, construction techniques and building materials are discussed with special references to water supply and heating systems. The following issues will be presented using detailed drawings and photographs: 1. Water supply system (distribution of hot and cold water, levels and slope for an effective water flow, providing balance of water pressure before the distribution of water, isolation of the system, other technical issues) 2. Heating system (vertical and horizontal flow of smoke under floor and walls, multi-use of heating source for both heating water and spaces, other technical issues) 3. Water discharge system The water supply and heating systems of Çukur Hamam served for 700 years as a consequence of rational solutions in its design. There is also no detailed research on these efficient, economic systems in terms of their capacity. Thus, this study which defines the heating and water supply systems of Çukur Hamam, will provide a basis for a multidisciplinary approach in the future.