Kevin M. Beaver's research while affiliated with King Abdulaziz University and other places
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Publications (349)
Road traffic accidents represent a serious problem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with rates of such accidents far exceeding the rates in developed nations. Even so, there remains relatively little knowledge regarding the driving behaviors among Saudi Arabians. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the e...
The criminal justice system is designed to detect, apprehend, punish, and rehabilitate criminal offenders. Precisely how effective the criminal justice system is at achieving these goals is not entirely known. The current study sought to add to this gap in the knowledge base by examining the connection between self-reported crime and delinquency an...
A body of research has examined the consequences associated with stuttering and stammering and the results of these studies have identified a host of maladaptive outcomes that are relatively common for stutters. To date, however, there has not been research examining the potential association between stuttering and antisocial phenotypes. The curren...
Previous research indicates that individual-level factors, such as low self-control, are related to criminal involvement (Pratt & Cullen, 2000). Comparatively less research, however, has examined whether individual-level factors may also influence the likelihood of being apprehended for criminal behavior. This study addresses this gap in the litera...
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory of low self-control has generated a considerable amount of research and the results of these studies have shown that low levels of self-control are consistently associated with involvement in antisocial outcomes. Despite the empirical support for this theory, there still remain areas of it that need to be more fully...
There has been a considerable amount of research examining the potential connection between immigration and the risk for victimization. The results generated from this body of research have produced somewhat mixed results, with some research showing an association and other research failing to detect an association. The current study sought to add...
Purpose
Fraudulent behaviors have a significant influence on society, impact millions of citizens and result in billions of dollars in losses. Consequently, it is essential to understand the potential correlates and causes of financial fraud offending. To date, however, there has not been much research examining the developmental origins to financi...
Research on gang membership is widespread and, as a result, findings from such studies have produced a significant amount of information about gangs and gang members. Historically, most of the gang research has focused on male gang members, but during the past couple of decades a considerable emphasis has been placed on understanding female gang me...
Across most of human history, infant and child mortality rates were very high, suggesting the death of a child was a challenge faced by many ancestral parents. Prolonged grief likely harmed grievers’ fitness, yet grief is ubiquitous and often protracted, thereby presenting a puzzle for evolutionary arguments. We integrate existing theories of grief...
General strain theory has been widely supported by empirical research. Research concerning possible individual-level moderators of the effects of strain, however, has yielded considerably mixed results. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether levels of self-control moderate the relationship between strain and cri...
There has been a great deal of debate regarding the association between immigration and criminal involvement. Against this backdrop, this study sought to make an incremental increase to the literature by examining the nexus between immigration and crime. To do so, data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (...
Purpose: Previous research has revealed that variation in levels of self-control is associated with violent victimization. Absent from this line of research is an evaluation of whether unique components of self-control, reflective of the dual-systems model, are uniquely associated with violent victimization from adolescence through young adulthood....
Recidivism remains a serious issue in the modern criminal justice system, with over 80% of those previously incarcerated being rearrested within 9 years of release (Alper, Durose, & Markman, 2018). Although previous studies have identified risk factors that increase the probability of rearrest, much remains unknown regarding the full constellation...
Purpose
Health criminology is an emerging line of inquiry that has focused on the association between crime/criminality and health outcomes. The current study sought to add to this literature by examining the potential connection between gang membership and health problems and brain-based disorders.
Methods
Data from the National Longitudinal Stud...
A substantial body of research examining the role that attractiveness plays in a wide range of outcomes has revealed that attractiveness is a beneficial characteristic across multiple domains of life, including some related to crime and the criminal justice system. The current study uses these findings as a springboard to examine the potential asso...
Findings from a significant body of research have consistently revealed that the majority of all criminal behavior is concentrated in a relatively small proportion of all families. Given the strong connection between criminal offenders and victims of violence, it is interesting that no research to date has examined whether victimization also concen...
Disparities between males and females in criminal behavior have been widely documented. Despite the extensive amount of research examining sex differences in criminal and analogous behaviors, there is no consensus on whether self-reported misbehavior accounts for the large sex differences found in all phases of the criminal justice system. The curr...
An extensive body of research has examined the role that genetic influences play in the development of antisocial behavior. Even so, there remains much that is unknown regarding the intersections among antisocial behavior, environments, and genetic influences. The current study is designed to shed some light on this issue by examining whether gene–...
A large body of research has examined various issues related to repeat victimization, including potential risk factors and theoretical explanations. Despite the amount of studies dedicated to focusing on repeat victimization, there are some notable gaps in the literature. One particularly noteworthy omission in this research is whether there is a l...
The Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) model for crime and deviance has received an impressive amount of empirical support in the United States and other Western industrialized countries. Comparatively less research, however, has examined whether the SSSL model offers a viable framework for explaining variation in delinquent behavior in ot...
Previous research links psychopathic traits with involvement in criminal behavior and numerous negative life outcomes. To date, however, a relatively limited amount of research has examined whether psychopathic traits confer an increased risk of victimization. This area of research is of interest as some scholars contend that psychopathic traits ma...
A significant body of literature links psychopathy and psychopathic personality traits with criminal behavior and involvement with the criminal justice system. However, very little research has examined whether psychopathic personality traits are related to being a successful criminal (e.g., evading detection). This study addresses this gap in the...
Cambridge Core - Social Psychology - The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression - edited by Alexander T. Vazsonyi
The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression - edited by Alexander T. Vazsonyi July 2018
Purpose:
Despite several decades of research, little scholarly consensus has emerged regarding the role of violent video games in the development of youth psychopathology or crime.
Method:
The current study employed the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children longitudinal dataset to examine the impact of the shooter game genre ownership...
This chapter examines some of the literature that has explored the links among physical exercise, brain structure and functioning, and antisocial phenotypes. It analyses the relationship between executive dysfunction and antisocial behavior in conjunction with the benefits of physical exercise on executive functioning. The chapter reviews the hippo...
Theoretical and empirical research has linked variation in parental and peer socialization patterns as well as criminogenic traits, particularly psychopathy and low self-control, to criminal involvement. Findings from this body of scholarship, however, have generally been produced without adequately controlling for genetic confounding. The current...
Purpose: Examine whether parental offending is directly associated with male and female offspring patterns of delinquent behavior during adolescence and indirectly associated with risk for criminal conviction in young adulthood. Methods: Latent growth curve models and growth mixture models are estimated using intergenerational data from the Nationa...
Context
An increasing body of research has linked the geographic distribution of lead with various indicators of criminal and antisocial behavior.
Objective
The current study, using data from an ongoing project related to lead exposure in St. Louis City, MO, analyzed the association between aggregate blood lead levels and specific indicators viole...
Associations between lead exposure and violent crime types with interaction terms, St. Louis City, MO.
(DOCX)
Adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) presented for each crime type.
(DOCX)
Crude rates of violent crime are presented by quantile, with darker shades indicating higher crime rates and lighter shades indicating lower crime rates.
Rates are per 1,000 people.
(DOCX)
Crude standardized incidence ratios (SIR) are presented by quantile, with darker shades indicating higher SIRs and lighter shades indicating lower SIRs.
(DOCX)
Recent evidence suggests that paternal age at birth influences myriad developmental outcomes among children, but few studies have examined the possibility for father's age to influence children's intellectual development among a sample of high-risk families. The authors use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the ass...
Intelligence has been linked with success across a wide array of life domains. To date, however, relatively little research has examined whether intelligence may predict criminal success-that is, engaging in criminal behaviors, but escaping detection and arrest. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the associations am...
Few other paradigms in criminology have been subject to as much criticism and moral proselytizing as has the biosocial paradigm. Even today, after major scientific advances relating genes, the neuroendocrine system, and the brain to criminal and imprudent behavior, the field is still found to be largely intolerant of the paradigm. This chapter argu...
Purpose
Criminological theories of crime, delinquency, and deviancy emphasize the causal role of low self-control whereas models of psychopathology posit a general trait liability, “disinhibition”, contributing to persistent antisocial behavior and substance use. The aim of the current work was to link these compatible perspectives on deviancy thro...
Importance:
Antisocial behavior (ASB) places a large burden on perpetrators, survivors, and society. Twin studies indicate that half of the variation in this trait is genetic. Specific causal genetic variants have, however, not been identified.
Objectives:
To estimate the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability of ASB; to identify nove...
There has been a growing body of research examining mate and spousal similarity on antisocial behaviors. The results of these studies have shown varying degrees of similarity between mates and spouses, but the precise mechanisms accounting for such similarity have remained somewhat elusive. The current study builds off this line of research and exa...
Previous research has linked changes in family structure (especially parental divorce) with involvement in juvenile delinquency. Comparatively less research has attempted to examine the long-term impact of shifts in family structure on delinquent and criminal involvement. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the influ...
A large body of social science research is devoted to understanding the causes and correlates of discrimination. Comparatively less effort has been aimed at providing a general prevalence estimate of discrimination using a nationally representative sample. The current study is intended to offer such an estimate using a large sample of American resp...
Previous research illustrating a robust, negative association between self-control and various forms of delinquent and criminal behavior has resulted in a more concentrated focus on the etiological development of self-control. The current study aims to contribute to this literature using a sample of twin and sibling pairs from the National Longitud...
Objective: Developmental/life-course (DLC) criminologists often study the age-graded trajectories of traits and behaviors known to correlate with antisocial outcomes. Much of this work has attempted to discern whether traits like impulse control are relatively stable across different portions of the life course. A range of statistical techniques ha...
Objectives
There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between adolescent marijuana use and adult intelligence, with some studies suggesting adolescent marijuana use can lead to declines in intelligence. The purpose of this study is to shed additional light on the potential link between marijuana use and changes in intelligence.
Method...
Researchers have expended considerable effort to understand the causes and correlates of criminal victimization. More recently, scholars have focused on identifying individual-level traits that increase the odds of victimization. Generally absent from this line of research, however, is examining the extent to which previously unmeasured genetic and...
Researchers have expended considerable effort to understand the causes and correlates of criminal victimization. More recently, scholars have focused on identifying individual-level traits that increase the odds of victimization. Generally absent from this line of research, however, is examining the extent to which previously unmeasured genetic and...
Purpose
Although there is a significant quantity of research linking psychopathy with deficits in language skills, no research has explored if there is an association between psychopathy and multilingualism. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the association between speaking multiple languages and psychopathic perso...
Background:
A long line of research has illustrated that fathers play an important role in the development of their children. Few studies, however, have examined the impact of paternal involvement at the earliest stages of life on developmental diagnoses in childhood.
Aims:
The present study extends this line of research by exploring the possibi...
Political ideology represents an imperfect yet important indicator of a host of personality traits and cognitive preferences. These preferences, in turn, seemingly propel liberals and conservatives towards divergent life-course experiences. Criminal behavior represents one particular domain of conduct where differences rooted in political ideology...
A long line of research has revealed that neuropsychological and familial factors are associated with crime and delinquency. Although some studies have also examined the relevance of neuropsychological–familial interplay in the prediction of adolescent misconduct, scholars have yet to explore whether this interplay is generalizable across groups st...
The current study examined the association between playing high school football and involvement in violent behaviors in sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The analysis revealed that youth who played high school football self-reported more violence than those youth who did not play football. Q...
Utilizing a newly released cognitive Polygenic Score (PGS) from Wave IV of Add Health ( n = 1,886), structural equation models (SEMs) examining the relationship between PGS and fertility (which is approximately 50% complete in the present sample), employing measures of verbal IQ and educational attainment as potential mediators, were estimated. The...
This study examined the association between sexual orientation and nonviolent and violent delinquency across the life course. We analyzed self-reported nonviolent and violent delinquency
in a sample of heterosexual males (N=5220–7023) and females (N=5984–7875), bisexuals (N=34–73),gay males (N=145–189), and lesbians (N=115–150) from the National Lo...
Internalizing and externalizing problems and parenting: Results from a Saudi Arabian sample Relatively few studies have attempted to identify factors that contribute to variation in parental behavior. The literature has revealed associations between both internal and external factors in the variation in parenting behaviors. In addition, the vast ma...
Utilizing a newly released cognitive Polygenic Score (PGS) from Wave IV of Add Health ( n = 1,886), structural equation models (SEMs) examining the relationship between PGS and fertility (which is approximately 50% complete in the present sample), utilizing measures of verbal IQ and educational attainment as potential mediators, were estimated. The...
Intelligence has been linked to antisocial, violent, and criminal behaviors. Surprisingly, however, there is a lack of research examining whether intelligence differentially affects the risk for personal victimization. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether adolescent levels of verbal intelligence are related to...
Proponents of life history strategy (LHS) theory propose that it is an explanation of intra-societal non-political violence, such as homicide and assault. Criminologists usually prefer a different explanation: variation in national violent crime rates is a function of differences in social–structural characteristics, such as absolute or relative po...
Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids are important for a variety of mental health outcomes and have been shown to improve both mood and behaviors. However, there is little consensus on whether omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for reducing aggressive behaviors. The current study assesses the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and aggre...
In this article, we outline the potential ways that genetic research can be used to inform the development, testing, and dissemination of preventative interventions. We conclude by drawing attention to how the incorporation of genetic variables into prevention designs could help identify individual variability in program effectiveness and thereby i...
A large body of research indicates that variation in intelligence is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Despite this knowledge, much of the research examining environmental influences on intelligence is not conducted using genetically informative research designs. In order to address this gap in the literature, this study examines the...
Despite the wealth of knowledge on subclass formation for antisocial behavior among youth
from the United States and other Western industrialized countries, very little is known about
the subclass structure for antisocial behavior among youth growing up in other geographical
contexts. Using validated measures of aggression, psychopathy, and low sel...
A wealth of research has revealed that a shorter duration of breastfeeding during infancy can increase the risk of various maladaptive traits, including neuropsychological deficits. Despite the number of studies that have been conducted on the topic, few studies have explored whether the effects of breastfeeding on neuropsychological functioning an...
Correlation Matrix.
(XLSX)
Objectives
To examine whether differential exposure to pre- and perinatal risk factors explained differences in levels of self-regulation between children of different races (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Other).
Methods
Multiple regression models based on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n ≈ 9,850) were used to...
There has been significant interest in examining the developmental factors that predispose individuals to chronic criminal offending. This body of research has identified some social-environmental risk factors as potentially important. At the same time, the research producing these results has generally failed to employ genetically sensitive resear...
There has been a significant amount of interest in understanding some of the key issues related to school suspensions and expulsions. One of the more intriguing and studied of these issues has to do with factors that contribute to variation in school disciplinary sanctions. To date, however, no research has examined the genetic architecture to eith...
The current study examined whether adolescent IQ predicted risk for mortality by the age of 32. Analyses of data from the Add Health revealed that IQ was related to mortality risk, such that respondents with relatively lower IQs were significantly more likely to experience early life mortality when compared with respondents with comparatively highe...
A number of studies have revealed that low birth weight children have a heightened risk of various maladaptive outcomes, including academic challenges and delinquent involvement. However, very little research to date has examined whether the relationship between low birth weight, poor academic performance, and delinquent peer affiliation is moderat...
A substantial body of research has reported significant associations between children's levels of self-control and a variety of academic and behavioural outcomes. As a result, studies have begun to investigate the factors involved in the development of self-control. The current study builds on this body of research and examines the extent to which...
The current study explores whether: (a) nutritional factors among adolescent males predict their risk of exhibiting verbal deficits and psychopathic traits during adulthood and (b) the link between nutritional factors and these outcomes is conditioned by the MAOA genotype. The study analyzes data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolesc...
Introduction
A topic often overlooked in the criminological literature is whether and to what extent biological or developmental male characteristics explain variation in fighting ability during adolescence. The current study was designed to add to the existing literature on this topic by examining whether two physical attributes—height and bulk—we...
The field of criminology has historically focused on environmental causes of crime while ignoring the potential role of genetic influences. During the past decade or so, this trend has changed, with a rapidly growing body of research revealing genetic influences on measures of crime, delinquency, and other antisocial behaviors. The current entry pr...
The biosocial perspective highlights the importance of both genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviors. Results from biosocial research reveal that genetic influences account for approximately 50Â % of the variance in antisocial phenotypes with most of the remaining variance being attributable to nonshared environmental influences...
An impressive literature has revealed that variation in virtually every measurable phenotype is the result of a combination of genetic and environmental influences. Based on these findings, studies that fail to use genetically informed modeling strategies risk model misspecification and biased parameter estimates. Twin-and adoption-based research d...
Life-course-persistent (LCP) offending has been intensely studied over the last several decades resulting in an impressive amount of evidence linking chronic offending with a host of negative outcomes including violence, impulsiveness, and sexual promiscuity. Although much evidence also exists regarding the origins of LCP offending, emergent work i...
Multiple scientific disciplines have weighed in with different viewpoints regarding the origins of criminal behavior among human beings. What is lacking, however, is a framework capable of uniting the theoretical viewpoints into a single overarching perspective. The current article offers such a framework. Drawing on a variety of influences, we arg...
Few studies have examined the relation between maternal caloric intake during pregnancy and growth in child academic achievement while controlling for important confounding influences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the current study examined the effects of reduced prenatal caloric intake on growth in scores on the Peabo...
This chapter offers a systematic review of the contemporary biosocial criminology literature, after presenting a conceptual understanding of biosocial criminology and its research domains. Biosocial criminology is a blanket concept that includes at least five major domains: evolutionary criminology, biological criminology, behavior genetics, molecu...
Objectives: Recent violent attacks on college campuses in the United States have sparked discussions regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the perpetration of violence among college students. While previous studies have examined the potential association between mental health problems and violent behavior, the overall pattern of fin...
Psychopathic personality traits have been shown to increase the odds of a wide range of antisocial outcomes. Very little research, however, has examined the association between psychopathy and the risk of personal victimization. The current study address this gap in the literature by examining the association between scores on the Levenson Self-Rep...
The General Factor of Personality (GFP) emerges from the intercorrelations between personality traits and may reflect socially desirable behavior and social effectiveness. In the present study we examine the relation between the GFP and delinquent behavior in a large sample (n 1345) of inmates in the United States. The GFP has been linked to indivi...
Maternal depression has consistently been found to be associated with child problem behaviours. In the current study, we examine the possibility of whether the association between maternal depression and child antisocial behaviour may be due to confounding. Data from waves 2, 5 and 7 of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort wer...
An extensive line of research has identified delinquent peer association as a salient environmental risk factor for delinquency, especially during adolescence. While previous research has found moderate-to-strong associations between exposure to delinquent peers and a variety of delinquent behaviors, comparatively less scholarship has focused on th...
A wealth of research has revealed that psychopathy and psychopathic personality traits are associated with criminal involvement. Comparatively less research, however, has examined whether psychopathic personality traits influence economic outcomes in adulthood. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing data drawn from the...
Purpose: The current study explores the possibility that the antisocial traits and behaviors of parents and children have persistent, bidirectional effects on each other that contribute to a pathway of shared risk. Method: We employ data from the Early Longitudinal Child Survey, Kindergarten (ECLS-K), a national, longitudinal study of children. Pat...
Moffitt’s taxonomy remains an influential theoretical framework within criminology. Despite much empirical scrutiny, comparatively less time has been spent testing the snares component of Moffitt’s work. Specifically, are there factors that might engender continued criminal involvement for individuals otherwise likely to desist? The current study t...
A considerable amount of research has examined patterns of substance use and the potential explanations of it among samples from the United States and other industrialized nations. To date, however, no research has explored these issues in a sample of Saudi Arabian youth. The current study addressed this gap in the literature and examined the lifet...
Given that enlistment in the U.S. military is completely voluntary, there has been a great deal of interest in identifying the various factors that might explain why some people join the military, whereas others do not. The current study expanded on this line of literature by estimating the extent to which genetic and environmental factors explaine...
Citations
... The most recent international results of ISRDS3 for the Italian side allow us to make some considerations on the relationship between family and youth deviant behavior in the wake of broken home that, in the criminological literature for years, is an area whose multiple contributions are also attentive to the need to develop prevention programs and strategies focused on parenting and family formation [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. The transformation of the family structure and the bonds within it implies 4 The International Comparative Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD) is a comparative study that as been conducted for over twenty years on students of lower and upper secondary schools (ISRD1 For a view of the result and the methodological frame work, they can be see: [64][65][66][67][68]. ...
... Fifth, the current study included a measure of low self-control to capture theoretically relevant personality traits that are related to both criminal offending and health. Still, future research should include other measures of personality such as the five-factor model (FFM) to determine which other personality traits may be relevant for understanding the development of criminal offending and health over the life-course (Boccio & Beaver, 2019Beaver, Barnes, May, & Schwartz, 2011;Beaver, Boutwell, Barnes, Vaughn, & DeLisi, 2017;Vize, Miller, & Lynam, 2018). Finally, our supplemental analyses suggest that incarceration may play a role in both criminal desistance and declining mental and physical health trajectories. ...
... First, since the focus of this study is on immigrants, all US-born citizens were excluded from the analyses. This was accomplished by employing an immigration variable that has been used in previous research (Rima et al., 2020). Specifically, during Wave 1 interviews, respondents were asked whether they were born in the United States. ...
... The task of those who wish to criticize such LH theory is to produce an alternative theory which comports with the relevant findings at least as well as existing applications of LH theory evidently do. (Examples of the work against which such efforts should be compared include, but are not limited to, Boutwell et al., 2015;Del Giudice, 2020; Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH ("Springer Nature"). Springer Nature supports a reasonable amount of sharing of research papers by authors, subscribers and authorised users ("Users"), for smallscale personal, non-commercial use provided that all copyright, trade and service marks and other proprietary notices are maintained. ...
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... The effects of paternal age are rarely discussed with patients (Ramasamy et al., 2015) and it is not clear how to offer proper counselling for APA (Brenner et al., 2009). Discussing the effect of the age of the male partner (Toriello and Meck, 2008;Cedars, 2015;Daar et al., 2016;Gajos and Beaver, 2017) and of older parenting (Amato et al., 2013) is recommended. All adults of reproductive age should receive counselling on the risks of APA to make an informed reproductive decision (Schmidt, 2010;Mintziori et al., 2013;Ramasamy et al., 2015;Wu et al., 2016;Brandt et al., 2019;De Jonge and Barratt, 2019;Phillips et al., 2019). ...
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... Therefore, it is identified that homicides occur due to factors other than inequality. Thus, Minkov & Beaver [31] argue that murder rates in the United States are predicted by parental absenteeism and adolescent fertility. They are also due to a high possession of firearms [32]. ...
... To what extent do a mother's socialization practices impact the intellectual ability of her children? The results of recent genetically informed studies suggest that the maternal socialization influence is negligible or at best inconsistent across measures (Beaver et al., 2014;Boccio & Beaver, 2016). Using a large nationally representative sample of adolescents Beaver et al. (2014) found a non-significant association between maternal behaviour and adolescent vocabulary. ...
... Because antisocial behavior is a close correlate of mating competition indicators such as risk taking and substance use (Richardson, Dariotis, et al., 2017;Tielbeek et al., 2018), it may be reasonable to predict that recovery trajectories reflect Moffitt's (2006) life course persistent (LCP) and adolescence limited offending taxa. Recently, Boutwell, Nedelec, Lewis, Barnes, and Beaver (2015) invoked LH theory and cast these taxa as classes of reproductive strategy. Using a national sample of twins, the authors linked high levels of sexual promiscuity to LCP offending and found this linkage was partially attributable to common genetic factors. ...
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... Although the findings of the research examining the connection between maternal depression and child problem behaviors seem rather robust [23], there is reason to suspect that many of these studies suffer from significant methodological issues [30]. To be specific, prior studies have frequently failed to address causal processes [34] as well as failed to account for inherent differences that exist between depressed and non-depressed mothers that, in themselves, put children at greater risk for displaying problem behaviors [19]. ...
... As indicated by Jamie M. Gajos (et al. 2016), biosocial research is nowadays an increasingly important element in the construction of evidence-based prevention programs in Anglo-Saxon countries, whose popularity has been steadily growing over the last decade. The role of this research is being considered at both macro-and micro-social levels, with these perspectives intertwining. ...
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