Kevin L. Gering's research while affiliated with Idaho National Laboratory and other places
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Publications (94)
Physics-based methods and tools for rapid classification, quantification, and forecasting of lithium-ion battery aging modes and life
Sangwook Kim, ¹ Zonggen Yi, ¹ Ross R. Kunz, ¹ Eric J. Dufek, ¹ Tanvir Tanim, ¹ Kevin L. Gering ¹ , Bor-Rong Chen, ¹ Peter Weddle, ² Kandler Smith, ²
¹ Energy and Environmental Science and Technology, Idaho National L...
Electric vehicles have seen rapid growth in adoption over the last several years. Advancements to increase battery life and performance, policy shifts, and high charging rate are expected to further accelerate development of next generation of electrical vehicles (EVs). As one of the core technological components of EVs, battery improvements contin...
There are tremendous economic and technical benefits to shortening battery test periods through robust predictive methods. Accurate long-term forecasting of battery life enables proactive planning of battery management (e.g., cell replacements) and preemptive actions to modify operating conditions to improve safety and life. The ever-evolving lands...
Extreme fast charging (XFC) has become a focal research point in the lithium-battery community over the last several years. As adoption of electric vehicles increases, fast charging has become a key driver in enhancing consumer recharge experience. Recently, the research community has made significant improvements in developing charge protocols to...
Electrolytes play an integral role in the successful operation of any battery chemistry. The reemergence of the sodium-ion battery (SIB) chemistry has therefore rejuvenated the search for optimized SIB salts and solvents. Recent experiments have found that 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), EC0.5:PC0.5 (w/w) is the b...
Growing demand for stationary energy storage systems requires the development of low cost, long cycle life, safe batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) utilizing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) anode and LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) cathode are promising candidates providing critical-material-free chemistry, high power capability, and long lifespan. However, their low e...
Selection, testing and validation of electrolyte candidates for Li-ion cells are discussed, based on a 10-minute target for extreme fast charge (XFC). A combination of modeling and laboratory measurements create a timely and synergistic approach to identifying candidate electrolyte formulations. Multi-solvent systems provide a balanced set of prope...
A key step limiting how fast batteries can be deployed is the time necessary to provide evaluation and validation of performance. Using data analysis approaches, such as machine learning, the validation process can be accelerated. However, questions on the validity of projecting models trained on limited data or simple cycling profiles, such as con...
![Figure 7. [PC] tot , [PC] free and [PC] coord as a function of LiPF 6...](publication/351598369/figure/fig5/AS:1024919223668737@1621371193471/PC-tot-PC-free-and-PC-coord-as-a-function-of-LiPF-6-concentration_Q320.jpg)
Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) based on LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) have been examined as lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These HCEs have lower ionic conductivities and higher viscosities than ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolytes with 1.2 M LiPF6, but they have higher Li+ ion transference numbers. Electrochemical cycling behaviour...
Presentation is available online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6uAjeLikrw
Jagoda begins at 2:27:00:
Various modeling techniques are used to predict the capacity fade of Li-ion batteries. Algebraic reduced-order models, which are inherently interpretable and computationally fast, are ideal for use in battery controllers, technoeconomic models, and multi-objective optimizations. For Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes, solid-electrolyte-interphas...
In the electrode/electrolyte interface of a typical lithium-ion battery, a solid electrolyte interphase layer is formed as a result of electrolyte decomposition during the initial charge/discharge cycles. Electron leakage from the anode to the electrolyte reduces the Li⁺-ion and makes it more reactive, resulting in decomposition of the organic elec...
High-concentration aqueous electrolytes have shown promise as candidates for a safer, lower-cost battery system. Ionic conductivity is a key property required in high performing electrolytes; the Advanced Electrolyte Model (AEM) has previously shown great accuracy in predicting ionic conductivity in highly-concentrated non-aqueous electrolytes. Thi...
Systems and methods for determining self-discharge currents in an energy storage cell and detecting internal shorts are disclosed. A system includes a DC voltage source configured to provide a constant test voltage selected to be less than an open-circuit voltage of an energy storage cell to the energy storage cell. The system also includes a curre...
The objective of this work is to develop a high-fidelity transport model for pulsed reactor scenarios involving Knudsen and beyond-Knudsen (viscid flow) conditions. This is done to eventually support accurate analyses of flow regimes and micro-kinetic processes under dynamic conditions. The resulting model renders mass transport under mixed modes o...
The Doppler Broadening Spectroscopy (DBS) was used to measure Kapton film thickness, varied in 0.3-30 mils range, with Ge⁶⁸ positron source and pure copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) or aluminum (Al) metals as targets. The linear relationship between S-parameter and Kapton thickness was found for Cu and Ni with sensitivity depending whether the film was use...
The effect of low viscosity esters on rate capability and lifetime of Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2/graphite pouch cells was studied using a variety of methods including ultra high precision coulometry, isothermal calorimetry and long term cycle testing. Methyl acetate (MA) and methyl propionate (MP) were selected as the ester co-solvents in ethylene carbo...
The formulation of solvent systems can have a severe impact on the lifetime, rate performance, and temperature performance of lithium ion cells. Methyl acetate (MA) has been found to increase rate and temperature performance of carbonate solvents, but decreased cell lifetime. This work used ultra-high precision coulometry, in-situ gas analysis, and...
One goal of researchers focusing on lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is to decrease the time required for charging. This can be done by several methods, including increasing the electrolyte transport properties. Methyl acetate, used as a co-solvent in the electrolyte, has been shown by a number of researchers to increase cell rate capabi...
Adding esters as co-solvents to Li-ion battery electrolytes can improve low-temperature performance and rate capability of cells. This work uses viscosity and electrolytic conductivity measurements to evaluate electrolytes containing various ester co-solvents, and their suitability for use in high-rate applications is probed. Among the esters studi...
Recently it has been found that Li-ion cells with organic carbonate-based electrolytes that do not contain ethylene carbonate (EC) can perform exceptionally well at high voltage. This work explores the transport properties of low-EC and EC-free Li electrolytes with lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as the conducting salt. Conductivity and viscosi...
An automated system was developed to measure the viscosity of fluids as a function of temperature using image analysis tracking software. An Ostwald viscometer was placed in a three-wall dewar in which ethylene glycol was circulated using a thermal bath. The system collected continuous measurements during both heating and cooling cycles exhibiting...
Practical methods and metrics are needed to assist battery development and end-user communities in the area of battery aging, in particular, understanding capacity loss in Li-ion cells. Tools are sought that offer both diagnostic and prognostic benefits, while minimizing the need for prolonged testing or undue commitment of tangible resources. Base...
Catastrophic failure concerns of Li-ion batteries create anxiety in electric vehicle and energy storage markets. Currently, no fast method to forecast catastrophic failure has existed for lithium ion or other battery types. This work presents a solution by very early detection of nascent internal shorts that are precursors of catastrophic failure....
Recent work shows promise for LiBF4 as an electrolyte salt for high voltage lithium-ion batteries. LiBF4 is more hydrolytically stable than LiPF6, and in some cases has proved to be more stable at high voltage. This work shows that 1.0 M electrolytes consisting of equal parts LiBF4 and LiPF6 have better performance in certain high voltage (4.35 V)...
The effects of solvents, salts, electrolyte additives and surface coatings on LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 (NMC442) or LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) have been probed using positive electrode Li-ion symmetric cells coupled with dV/dQ analysis. A robust symmetric cell design is presented which prevents hardware corrosion for over at least 800 hours of testing...
Ionic conductivity is a foremost transport property that is extensively used to characterize and screen electrolyte systems. Although bulk measurements are done on the macroscopic scale, electrolytic conductivity has its foundation on molecular-scale interactions between solvent and ionic species. Correct interpretations of these molecular interact...
Catastrophic failure concerns impede penetration of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle and energy storage markets. Unfortunately, no fast method to forecast catastrophic failure has existed. This work presents a solution by very early detection of nascent internal shorts that are precursors of catastrophic failure. The new metric, the self-discha...
The majority of Li-ion chemistry varieties consists of flammable materials and therefore may go to unpredictable catastrophic failures. One of the reasons for the battery thermal runaways is the development of low-resistive internal short circuits defined as hard shorts. Unfortunately, currently there are no fast and simple approaches for detecting...
Embodiments discussed herein in the form of methods, systems, and computer-readable media deal with the application of advanced “projectional” morphological algorithms for solving a broad range of problems. In a method of performing projectional morphological analysis an N-dimensional input is supplied. At least one N-dimensional form indicative of...
Lithium-ion cells with composite positive electrodes are attractive and promising for EV and PHEV applications. For powertrain applications, the battery packs are required to have multiple-cell configurations, where some battery management is needed to protect cells from experiencing overcharging and overdischarging. Here, we show how to analyze th...
The use of hybrid cyclic phosphazene polymer/graphite anodes, where the phosphazene serves as distributed loci for Li deposition, has been investigated. Capacity within the hybrid system was found to occur reversibly in distinct regions. At the most positive voltages, above 0.06 V vs Li/Li+, the capacity was associated mostly with Li+ intercalation...
An electrode comprising a polyphosphazene cyclomatrix and particles within pores of the polyphosphazene cyclomatrix. The polyphosphazene cyclomatrix comprises a plurality of phosphazene compounds and a plurality of cross-linkages. Each phosphazene compound of the plurality of phosphazene compounds comprises a plurality of phosphorus-nitrogen units,...
The safety of lithium-ion batteries is coming under increased scrutiny as they are being adopted for large format applications especially in the vehicle transportation industry and for grid-scale energy storage. The primary short-comings of lithium-ion batteries are the flammability of the liquid electrolyte and sensitivity to high voltage and elev...
This paper covers the synthesis and use of a related family of cyclic phosphazene solvents containing terminal unsaturations that are being considered as electrolyte additives in lithium-ion cells. A brief synopsis on the synthesis and purification of these compounds is given. Data will be presented that covers physical and chemical properties of t...
The methods to measure solid electrolyte interphase (SET) electrochemical properties and SEI formation capability of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions are rarely addressed in the literature. And yet, there is a strong demand for new electrolyte generations that promote stabilized SEIs and have an influence to resolve safety, calendar life and other...
A physics-based simulation model is used to characterize the effect of different LiPF6-based electrolyte systems on discharge energy of a high energy cell design at temperatures of -25, 0, 25 and 50°C and rates of C/10, C/5, C/2, C, and 2C. At 0°C and above at discharge rates below C/5, the electrolyte has almost no effect. The electrolyte properti...
This presentation will discuss capacity fade
issues and how advanced mathematical morphology
computational methods can be used to identify changes
which occur in electrode systems. A key advantage to
using the advanced morphological analysis is the ability
to monitor changes which occur, but which are not
directly discernible to the eye allowing co...
Objectives Our focus is producing electrolyte and electrode compounds resilient in both
temperature and voltage regimes, while meeting a competitive baseline performance in
transport properties and SEI characteristics. In meeting these goals we aim to reduce the
presence of carbon in Li-ion cells to produce a more robust inorganic-based cell che...
A system includes an electrochemical cell, monitoring hardware, and a computing system. The monitoring hardware periodically samples performance characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system determines cell information from the performance characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system also develops a mechanis...
A system includes an electrochemical cell, monitoring hardware, and a computing system. The monitoring hardware periodically samples charge characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system periodically determines cell information from the charge characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system also periodically add...
Density functional theory is used to model a series of cyclic phosphazenes, with and without coordinated Li+. Two pendant groups are used, ethoxy and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, in varying combinations to generate phosphazenes with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 6 trifluoro groups. In all cases, Li+ sits in a pocket on the ring, always bonding to a ring nitrogen, and c...
A system includes an electrochemical cell, monitoring hardware, and a computing system. The monitoring hardware samples performance characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system determines cell information from the performance characteristics. The computing system also analyzes the cell information of the electrochemical cell wi...
Abstract Understanding the behavior of lithium-ion batteries exposed to thermal excursion is
of great interest to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) applications, because vehicles
often endure wide weather conditions in operation. Here we investigate a composite {Li x
Mn 2 O 4+ Li x Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2}-based commercial cell design to a...
There need to be significant improvements made in lithium-ion battery technology, principally in the areas of safety and useful lifetimes to truly enable widespread adoption of large format batteries for the electrification of the light transportation fleet. In order to effect the transition to lithium ion technology in a timely fashion, one promis...
Evaluating commercial Li-ion batteries presents some unique benefits. One of them is to use cells made from established fabrication process and form factor, such as those offered by the 18650 cylindrical configuration, to provide a common platform to investigate and understand performance deficiency and aging mechanism of target chemistry. Such an...
Degradation phenomena and inference of their underlying mechanisms during 2C cycle aging in a cell design comprising {LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2+LiMn2O4} composite positive electrode are studied and reported in this work. We describe how aging phenomena in the cells were studied and incremental capacity analysis applied to infer cell degradation mechanism...
In an effort to develop low-flammability electrolytes for a new generation of Li-ion batteries, we have evaluated physical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes with two novel phosphazene additives. We have studied performance quantities including conductivity, viscosity, flash point, and electrochemical window of electrolytes as well as f...
There is a growing need to explore path dependence of aging processes in batteries developed for long-term usage, such as lithium-ion cells used in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) or plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) applications that may then be “retired” to be utilized in grid applications. To better understand the foremost influences on path dependenc...
Models of coin-type lithium manganese dioxide batteries of various sizes made by different manufacturers including Sony, Panasonic, Gold Peak and Varta were developed. These models greatly assist battery users to select the suitability of a particular cell for a specific application by enabling an evaluation to be carried out by simulation rather t...
Passively aerated compost piles are built on a base of porous material such as wood chips in which perforated air supply pipes are distributed. The piles are not turned during composting, nor is forced aeration equipment used, which significantly reduces the operating and capital expenses associated with these piles. Currently, pile configurations...
This work considers root causes for diminished performance of Li-ion cells at cold conditions, and provides suggestions toward improving low-temperature performance through modified electrolyte compositions. This evaluation considers concentration polarization, lithium desolvation, and potential electrolyte phase transformations from solid surface-...
We characterized high-power lithium-ion cells in terms of performance and cycle and calendar life at 45 °C. Among other parameters, we measured the C/25 capacity every 4 weeks during the test. Differentiation of the C/25 voltage versus capacity data with respect to capacity (dV/dQ) has been used to elucidate another type of side reaction at the ano...
Extended cycle- and calendar-life testing of lithium-ion cells has shown the effect of aluminum concentration in the cathode on the area-specific impedance versus time behavior of the cell. In cells with a LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (5% Al) cathode, the change in mechanism from t1/2 to t occurred at about 35 weeks. Increasing the aluminum concentration...
Electrolyte viscosity is a macroscopic property, although its foundation lies on molecular-scale interactions between solvent and ionic species. A comprehensive understanding of viscosity behavior with respect to solvent composition, salt concentration and temperature is only possible with correct interpretations of molecular interactions and relat...
Equations that describe partial molal volume effects were used to produce a methane-water-hydrate phase diagram which includes T, P, and aqueous phase methane concentrations. This diagram allows prediction of gas exsolution as a result of local biogenesis or as methane-containing water simply rises through sediments. Such exsolved gas can be trappe...
We characterized high-power lithium-ion cells in terms of performance and cycle- and calendar life at 45°C. Among other parameters, we measured the C/25 capacity every 4 weeks during the test. Differentiation of the C/25 voltage versus capacity data with respect to capacity yielded dV/dQ curves. Analysis of Q0dV/dQ curves has shown that capacity fa...
The focus of this work is a model that describes migration and biogenic formation of methane under conditions representative of dynamic marine basins, and the conversion of soluble methane into either solid hydrate or exsolved gas. Incorporated into the overall model are an accurate phase equilibria model for seawater-methane, a methane source term...
Life, cost and abuse tolerance are the three major barriers to wide spread commercialization of high-power Li-ion batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated the Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program in 1998 to address these three barriers utilizing resources at five National Laboratories (1)...
Lithium-ion cells have received international focus as a potential means of power storage for electric a nd h ybrid electric vehicles. Application of these ce lls to d iverse vehicle scenarios requires that accurate electrolyte properties be known under a wide range of conditions. Typical electrolyte systems utilized within lithium-ion batteries ar...