Kenneth E. Boulding's research while affiliated with University of Michigan and other places

... Titmus (1968) views social services as "those services that are concerned with different types of moral transactions Journal of Public Administration and Governance ISSN 2161-7104 2018 embodying the notion of gift-exchange which have developed in modern societies in institutional forms to bring about and maintain social and community relations". Similarly, Boulding (1962) posits that social services arise from social policy; and that "social policy deal with unilateral transfers that are justified (outside the fringes of the free market mechanism) by some kind of appeal to a status, legitimacy, identity or community." Olewe and Anga (1994) opine that social service is a wide concept that embraces the improvement of the social status of the individual and society in general. ...

... Simply, threat perception -at least in the military realmdecreases with increased distance from Russia. This result corresponds with the classical argument about the decay of military power (or threat) over distance (proposed by Boulding 1963), and corroborates the general realist argument that states tend to balance against geographically close states (Mearsheimer 2001;Walt 1987). It is, however, even more interesting that the operationalizations of distance that reflect military threat in its most conventional sense outperform by a wide margin more traditional 'Capital-to-Capital' or 'rocket range' operationalizations. ...