Katrin Hertrampf’s research while affiliated with Universitätsklinikum Schleswig - Holstein and other places

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Publications (59)


Studentische Ausbildung in der chirurgischen Wundversorgung: Entwicklung und curriculare Implementierung eines praktischen Kurses zur Verbesserung der Fähig- und Fertigkeiten
  • Article

June 2025

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4 Reads

Zentralblatt für Chirurgie

Pernilla Virginia Conrad

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Regine Gläser

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[...]

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Katrin Hertrampf

Zusammenfassung Die Wundversorgung ist eine wichtige ärztliche Fähigkeit, die in der medizinischen Ausbildung keinen relevanten Stellenwert hat. Nationale und internationale Studien zeigen, dass die Wundlehre im Medizinstudium unzureichend gelehrt wird und dass der Wunsch nach weiterer Ausbildung bei den Studierenden besteht. Daher war das Ziel dieses Projektes, die Kompetenz der Studierenden in der chirurgischen Wundlehre zu verbessern. Nach einer Befragung der Studierenden im 2. klinischen Studienjahr und im praktischen Jahr (n = 169) an der med. Fakultät zu Kiel zum Wissensstand der Wundlehre wurde ein innovatives Lehrkonzept u. a. mit Praxisteil an lebensechten Modellen konzipiert. Der Pilotkurs wurde im Sommersemester (SoSe) 2023 durchgeführt, der Lernerfolg durch eine Prä-Post-Befragung des gesamten Semesters ermittelt. Anschließend wurde der Kurs in die curriculare Lehre implementiert. Die Erfassung des Wissensstands ergab starke Unsicherheiten: Im praktischen Jahr trauten sich 39,7% eine aseptische Wundversorgung zu. Die Ausbildung in der Wundlehre wurde als unzureichend angegeben. Durch Absolvierung unseres Kurses zeigte sich ein Zuwachs in der Einschätzung der eigenen Fertigkeiten. Die identifizierten Unsicherheiten wurden durch den Kurs reduziert: 75% trauten sich eine Wundversorgung eigenständig zu. Dieser Kurs verbessert die medizinische Ausbildung, kann einfach in jeder Fakultät implementiert werden und könnte zu einer verbesserten Patientenversorgung führen.


Participating members of the various state dental associations
A and B Participants’ opinion of their competence regarding knowledge and training status. C and D Participants’ opinion of the competence of their professional group
Participants’ knowledge of diagnostic procedures, signs and symptoms (n = 3,472)
Participants’ knowledge of risk factors (n = 3,472)
Knowledge level of diagnostic procedures and risk factors for oral cancer among oral healthcare providers in Germany
  • Article
  • Full-text available

May 2025

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27 Reads

BMC Oral Health

Background Oral cancer is an underestimated and growing public health problem. The majority of cases are diagnosed at a late stage, even though oral cancer can be detected early by routine visual and tactile examination. Dental healthcare providers thus play a vital role in its early detection. This study assessed dental healthcare providers’ knowledge of diagnostic procedures and risk factors for oral cancer. Methods A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted using a validated survey of 38 items focusing on knowledge of diagnostic procedures and risk factors, and questions on continuing education. From October to December 2023, the online survey invitation was sent via all German state Dental Associations to their members. Participants' socio-demographic data and responses in the “knowledge, opinion and continuing education” section were analysed descriptively. Linear regressions assessed the associations between participants’ characteristics or opinions and their knowledge of oral cancer (knowledge score). Results Overall, 8,132 participants began the survey. After filtering for reliability and completeness, data from 3,458, 3,472, and 2,933 participants were available for "socio-demographics", "knowledge", and "opinions and continuing education", respectively. Most participants were women (60%), between 30 to 49 years old (48%). The majority knew the most common type of oral cancer and the most common lesions associated with it. Furthermore, almost 89% of the participants were aware that early detection improves survival rates. The main risk factors (tobacco, alcohol, prior oral cancer) were well known. However, the potential for improvement in knowledge of localisation, signs, stage of diagnosis and the specific age group at risk was noted. Fewer years in the dental profession and since attending the last continuing education course were associated with higher levels of knowledge. Conclusions Knowledge of localisation, signs, stage of diagnosis, and specific risk groups can be improved. These topics should thus be integral to the dental curriculum and addressed through structured continuing education programmes, as the study’s results suggest that knowledge declines over time without continuing education.

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Prozessevaluation einer komplexen Intervention zur Verbesserung der Mundgesundheit von Pflegeheimbewohner:innen (MundZaRR): eine Mixed-Methods-Studie

March 2025

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27 Reads

Hintergrund/Fragestellung: Die Mundgesundheit von Pflegeheimbewohner:innen ist häufig unzureichend. In der Cluster-randomisierten, kontrollierten MundZaRR-Studie mit insgesamt 18 Pflegeheimen in Rheinland-Pfalz wurde eine komplexe Intervention zur Verbesserung der Mundgesundheit entwickelt und deren Effektivität über 12 Monate untersucht. Alle Teilnehmenden (n=271) erhielten nach zahnärztlicher Untersuchung individuelle Mundhygieneempfehlungen, die dem Pflegepersonal übermittelt wurden. In der Interventionsgruppe (IG) wurden die Pflegenden zusätzlich durch zahnmedizinische Fachangestellte (ZFA) regelmäßig vor Ort zur Umsetzung der Empfehlungen reinstruiert und remotiviert. Begleitend zur Hauptstudie fand eine umfassende Prozessevaluation statt, um die Erfahrungen der verschiedenen Zielgruppen zu explorieren und Einblicke in die Umsetzung der Intervention zu gewinnen. Methoden: Die Prozessevaluation wurde entsprechend internationaler Empfehlungen konzipiert. Die Datenerhebung umfasste u.a. leitfadengestützte Interviews, teilnehmende Beobachtungen, schriftliche Befragungen und Dokumentenanalysen. Quantitative Daten wurden deskriptiv ausgewertet, qualitative Daten inhaltsanalytisch nach Mayring. Ergebnisse: Die vorbereitenden Schulungen der Zahnärzt:innen und ZFA fanden weitestgehend wie geplant statt und wurden positiv evaluiert. In einem Pflegeheim konnte die Intervention aufgrund von Zeit- und Personalmangel nicht implementiert werden. In den übrigen acht Pflegeheimen der IG variierte die Umsetzung und Zusammenarbeit zwischen ZFA und den Pflegeheimen teils stark. Die teilnehmenden Beobachtungen zeigten, dass die Empfehlungen nur bei knapp der Hälfte der Beobachtungen vollständig und spezielle Mundpflegemaßnahmen (z.B. Zahnzwischenraumreinigung) nur selten umgesetzt wurden. Wesentliche Barrieren der Intervention waren fehlende zeitliche/personelle Ressourcen und ein mangelndes Interesse/Engagement der Pflegenden sowie bewohnerindividuelle Barrieren (z.B. schlechter Allgemeinzustand, ablehnendes Verhalten). Die COVID-19-Pandemie war in der Rekrutierungsphase eine große Herausforderung, jedoch beeinträchtigte diese den Zahnärzt:innen, ZFA und Heimleitungen zufolge den weiteren Studienverlauf nicht wesentlich. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz der insgesamt positiven Bewertung des Interventionskonzepts wurde deutlich, dass die Implementierung nicht in allen Pflegeheimen wie geplant erfolgte. Die ermittelten Barrieren können Hinweise für zukünftige Entwicklungen und Implementierungen vergleichbarer Interventionen liefern.


Flowchart for the Level 1 dental interview and oral examination data
Flowchart for the Level 2 examination (dental/prosthetic status, orthodontics, palpation, and probing depths)
Study centre margins (blue) for A) full-mouth tooth counts (including third molars; Level 1), B) mean probing depth (PD), C) the Decayed-Filled-Teeth (DFT) Score and D) the active mouth opening distance (Level 2) after adjustment for age and sex using statistical models. Marginal distributions (using box plots combined with violin plots, or count plots) are additionally shown. Also, the overall mean (red solid line) and the deviation from the mean (± 1 standard deviation; red dashed lines) are displayed. In case of oddities the marginal mean is displayed in red
LOESS-smoothed curves for each study centre for full-mouth tooth counts (including third molars; Level 1) after adjustment for age and sex using statistical models
LOESS-smoothed curves for each study centre for A) mean probing depth (PD), B) the Decayed-Filled-Teeth (DFT) Score and C) the active mouth opening distance (Level 2) after adjustment for age and sex using statistical models. The red dashed lines represent the confidence interval of a LOESS curve for the whole data
Dental and oral health assessments in the German National Cohort (NAKO)

January 2025

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158 Reads

BMC Oral Health

Background Despite considerable improvements in oral health in recent decades, caries and periodontitis are still widespread, ranking among the most prevalent diseases worldwide and requiring future research. The German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie, NAKO) is a large-scaled, multidisciplinary, nationwide, multi-centre, population-based, prospective cohort study with oral examinations that aims to provide a resource to study risk factors for major diseases. The aim of the present article is to provide the methodological background, to report on the data quality, and to present initial results of the oral examinations. Methods During baseline examinations (2014–2019), a total of 205,184 persons aged 19–74 years has been examined in 18 study centres, including, among others, a dental interview, stimulated saliva sampling, and recording of the numbers of present teeth and prostheses (standard Level 1 program). As part of the Level 2 program that was offered to 20% randomly selected participants, each study centre selected one of three modules, one of them being the Level 2 oral examination. This extended program was carried out in a subgroup of 20,828 participants, including collection of detailed information on the dental and prosthetic status as well as on periodontal, cariological and functional aspects. To ensure reliability and reproducibility, study nurses were trained and calibrated by dental experts. In addition, a reliability study was conducted among 794 Level 1 and 359 Level 2 participants, reporting intra class correlation and kappa coefficients. Results Intra class correlation and kappa coefficients for observer agreement and reliability were consistently above 0.7, indicating good to excellent reliability of all dental measurements. For example, intra class correlation was 0.937 for the number of present teeth (Level 1), 0.740 for mean probing depth (PD) and 0.797 for active mouth opening. An initial inspection of the data showed that the median number of present teeth was 27, of which on average 6.9 teeth were healthy and caries-free. Average mean PD was 1.92 mm. An orthodontic treatment was reported by 35.5% of participants. Discussion Overall, the dental study protocol was feasible and successfully integrated into the NAKO’s overall assessment program. However, rigorous support of the study centres by dental professionals was required to ensure high quality data. In summary, high-quality data collection within the NAKO pave the way for future investigation of potential risk factors for oral diseases and links between oral and systemic diseases and conditions.



From thankfulness to taking it for granted – a qualitative study of dental education during COVID

December 2024

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18 Reads

Introduction The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic brought public life to a standstill. For universities, this meant the suspension or corresponding adjustment of practical and theoretical teaching. In Germany, the Kiel Dental Clinic received special permits to start face-to-face teaching under appropriate hygienic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study, which was conducted using a longitudinal qualitative panel, was to interview students and teachers over a period of three semesters under pandemic conditions regarding the effects of the pandemic on dental teaching at a structural, individual and social aspect in order to determine which strategies can be acquired for future teaching design. Methods Qualitative methods based on interviews were used for data collection. The same dental students from different semesters (6th, 8th and 10th) and the same teaching staff responsible for the content and implementation of courses within the dental curriculum were interviewed in the summer semesters of 2020 and 2021. The data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis. Results A total of 27 students and 15 teaching staff participated. Our study team received interesting results on the implications of the teaching and learning situation from the start of the emergency transition to remote teaching and then to practical courses in face-to-face situations with specific regulations. Teaching under pandemic conditions resulted in a very stressful situation for the students and teaching staff. The learning process for teaching has led to an improvement in digital literacy for both groups over the last two years. Discussion This qualitative longitudinal study describes the different factors that played a role during the course of the various “Corona” semesters. The development process, from thankfulness to taking it for granted, demonstrated that students’ expectation towards the implementation of the courses increased. Simultaneously, the results clearly show that the degree of stress and anxiety among students and teachers increased also. The necessary self-structuring of everyday student life under COVID conditions was not possible for everyone. It was also noted that teachers in particular were aware of this and that they developed a certain vigilance towards students.


Ethical issues in dental education-A cross-sectional study with pre-clinical and clinical dental students

May 2024

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24 Reads

European Journal Of Dental Education

Introduction Although ethics is an indispensable part of dental education, it has not yet played a relevant role in the dental curriculum in Germany. The study aimed at assessing their prior knowledge of ethical aspects, and their expectations of and wishes for ethics course of dental students, preclinical vs. clinical, at the dental school Kiel, Germany by means of a validated questionnaire. Methods A descriptive cross‐sectional study design was used. The study population consisted of dental students, from pre‐clinical ( n = 105) and clinical semesters ( n = 110). In January 2019, each student completed a validated questionnaire to identify semester‐specific ethical teaching content. Besides descriptive analyses, Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare pre‐clinical and clinical students. Results A total of 215 dental students, with a mean age of 25.3 (SD 4.1), participated in the study, of which 150 were female (69.8%) and 65 were male students (30.2%). The results in the areas of ‘previous knowledge of ethical issues’ and ‘expectations and desires in terms of teaching medical ethics’ showed similarities and differences between pre‐clinical and clinical students. Both groups stated that they need training in ethics. Moreover, especially clinical students recognize that more ethical competence is needed if the first patient contact will start. Conclusion The study indicates that there is a clear need for ethics education. Student awareness of the relevance of ethical competences and the perception of ethical problems increased progressively during the course of their studies. Overall, the study provides good support for the development of specific ethics courses.


Stellenwert der Früherkennung in der zahnärztlichen WeiterbildungImportance of early detection in continuing dental education

March 2024

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1 Read

Die MKG-Chirurgie

Oral cancer is still among the underestimated cancers. The majority of affected persons still diagnosed at an advanced tumor stage. This requires extensive surgical treatment, leads to functional impairment and visible treatment consequences, and has a negative impact on prognosis. Early diagnosis requires an adequate level of knowledge within the relevant professional healthcare groups. Especially for oral cancer and its precursor lesions, the 6‑monthly check-ups provided by the German statutory health insurance system may support a systematic opportunistic screening. The well-structured and established recall systems in the field of dentistry offer a very good option for examining a large number of patients. However, there is no obligatory documentation of the inspection of the oral mucosa. Therefore, it is not possible from a scientific point of view to measure the effectiveness of this type of screening. Moreover, studies involving dental colleagues in private practice are still very rare. Since dentists are among the most important contact persons for patients, they should have adequate skills for early detection of cancer. Studies have generally shown a good level of knowledge, but also potential for improvement. Specifically, the assessment of mucosal lesions is a demanding challenge for many colleagues. However, studies have shown that targeted structured further education programs lasting several months may help to overcome uncertainties. Therefore, it is recommended to offer area-wide target group-oriented programs over longer periods of time that address prevailing uncertainties and, thus, provide concrete support.


Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung von Pflegeheimen und deren Bewohner:innen im Rahmen einer Cluster-randomisierten kontrollierten Studie zur Verbesserung der Mundgesundheit (MundZaRR)

March 2024

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25 Reads

Hintergrund/Fragestellung: In der Cluster-randomisierten kontrollierten Studie MundZaRR sollte die Mundgesundheit von Pflegeheimbewohner:innen durch zahnärztlich delegierte Remotivation und Reinstruktion der Pflegekräfte verbessert werden. In dem Setting ist die Gewinnung von Studienteilnehmer:innen oft schwierig. Die strukturierte Erfassung und Analyse der Herausforderungen und Barrieren des MundZaRR-Rekrutierungsprozesses vermag Hinweise für künftige Rekrutierungen zu geben. Methoden: Zunächst wurden Pflegeheime durch das Studienteam rekrutiert. Die Rekrutierung der Bewohner:innen erfolgte über Ansprechpartner:innen der Einrichtungen. Ziel war es, 618 Bewohner:innen aus 18 Einrichtungen einzuschließen. Die angewendeten Strategien mussten im Verlauf pandemiebedingt adaptiert werden (z.B. von persönlichem zu E-Mail/Telefonkontakt). Der Rekrutierungsverlauf wurde kontinuierlich dokumentiert und deskriptiv analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Rekrutierung fand mit pandemiebedingten Unterbrechungen in drei Phasen zwischen September 2019 und Juni 2022 statt. Von 240 auf Eignung geprüften Einrichtungen wurden 129 ausgeschlossen, überwiegend aufgrund bestehender zahnärztlicher Kooperationsverträge nach §119b SGB V. Final nahmen 18 an der Studie teil (Teilnahmequote: 16%). Insgesamt wurden 358 individuelle Einwilligungen eingeholt, 89 (25%) von Bewohner:innen selbst und 269 (75%) von rechtlichen Betreuer:innen. Entsprechend der Gesamtbettenzahl der Einrichtungen lag die Teilnahmequote im Mittel bei 27% (Min=10%, Max=85%). Zwei wesentliche Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung stellten die Widerrufe von acht Clustern (n=87 Bewohner:innen) aus Phase 1 zu Beginn von Phase 3 sowie die hohe Anzahl von Todesfällen (n=75) dar. Als weitere erhebliche Barriere erwies sich die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, verbunden mit mangelnden zeitlichen und personellen Kapazitäten der Einrichtungen. Auf der Individualebene war besonders der aufwendige Prozess des Einholens von Einwilligungen der Betreuer:innen eine Hürde. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz unterschiedlicher Strategien und intensiver Bemühungen konnte zwar die geplante Cluster-, nicht aber die angestrebte Fallzahl erreicht werden. Die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und die häufig erforderliche Rekrutierung über die Betreuer:innen waren wesentliche Barrieren. Möglicherweise hätte ein persönlicherer Kontakt in der dritten Phase zu einer höheren Fallzahl führen können. Künftige Untersuchungen mit einer ähnlich vulnerablen Studienpopulation sollten daher eine höhere Clusterzahl bei der Studienplanung berücksichtigen.


Pilot project for the "Internship to Gain Experience in the Professional Field" in dentistry studies with a focus on acquiring communicative skills

November 2023

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13 Reads

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die neue zahnärztliche Approbationsordnung sieht ein Berufsfeldpraktikum vor, um den Studierenden einen ersten umfassenden Einblick in ihr späteres Berufsfeld zu geben. Verortung, Umsetzung und Bewertung sind nicht festgelegt und können innerhalb der universitären Zahnmedizin oder in Kooperation mit zahnärztlichen Praxen erfolgen. Die Kieler Zahnklinik entschied, ein Konzept für eine 2‑wöchige Lehrveranstaltung, inklusive Praktikum, in niedergelassenen Praxen zu entwickeln und dabei Aspekte der ärztlichen Gesprächsführung verstärkt zu berücksichtigen. Auf Basis einer theoretischen Einführung und eines E‑Learning-Moduls soll dies der Einstieg in ein longitudinales Kommunikationscurriculum sein. Im Sommersemester 2021 wurde ein Pilotprojekt mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die erforderliche Infrastruktur und inhaltliche Ausgestaltung der Veranstaltung zu entwickeln und mit Lehrinhalten zu kommunikativen Kompetenzen zu verknüpfen. Methoden Es wurde eine kontrollierte Interventionsstudie (ein Messzeitpunkt) mit 21 Studierenden des 4. Semesters (2 Gruppen mit und ohne E‑Learning-Modul) sowie 20 zahnärztlichen Praxen durchgeführt. Die Studierenden erhielten vor dem einwöchigen Praktikum Dokumente zur Organisation, zum Ablauf und zur Dokumentation verschiedener Gesprächssituationen. Studierende und Praxen wurden nach Praktikumsende umfassend evaluiert. Ergebnisse Studierende und Praxen waren mit der Organisation, den zur Verfügung gestellten Dokumenten und mit dem Ablauf zufrieden. Das E‑Learning-Modul wurde positiv aufgenommen. Das Format des Praktikumsberichts erwies sich als nicht praktikabel und wurde adaptiert. Diskussion Die Projektziele konnten mit Erfolg erreicht werden. Die Ergebnisse fließen in die konkrete Gestaltung und Umsetzung der neuen curricularen Veranstaltung ab dem Sommersemester 2022 ein.


Citations (40)


... Studies have shown that targeted training programmes lasting several months can improve knowledge [14][15][16]. In Germany, based on the results of a formative multi-level evaluation in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, a comprehensive awareness campaign for the target group involving dental and medical healthcare providers was carried out as a model project [17]. As in the USA and England, the results showed that a structured awareness campaign improved the perception of tumours in the oral cavity [17][18][19][20]. ...

Reference:

Knowledge level of diagnostic procedures and risk factors for oral cancer among oral healthcare providers in Germany
Oral cancer awareness campaign in Northern Germany: successful steps to raise awareness for early detection

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology

... The repression of the situation also played a role, especially with regard to the desire to continue studying. Additionally, questions arose regarding what this meant for the study of dentistry itself and whether this situation would have an effect on the length of study (Machado et al., 2020;Prieto et al., 2021;Goob et al., 2021;Hertrampf et al., 2022a;Goetz et al., 2023). The lack of social contact, both during studies and in the private sphere, were also described as deficits (Prieto et al., 2021;Schlenz et al., 2020;Hattar et al., 2021;Hertrampf et al., 2022b;Goetz et al., 2023). ...

Certainty in Uncertain Times: Dental Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic–A Qualitative Study

... The quality of life of patients with HNCs is a variable positively affected by APN since the studies in this review show that nurses who work in navigation in the context of HNCs develop expertise in planning, management, assessment of care, development of better services, and follow-up (29,33,36). ...

The influence of diagnoses on patient satisfaction during inpatient stays: A prospective study
  • Citing Article
  • January 2023

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

... Additionally, questions arose regarding what this meant for the study of dentistry itself and whether this situation would have an effect on the length of study (Machado et al., 2020;Prieto et al., 2021;Goob et al., 2021;Hertrampf et al., 2022a;Goetz et al., 2023). The lack of social contact, both during studies and in the private sphere, were also described as deficits (Prieto et al., 2021;Schlenz et al., 2020;Hattar et al., 2021;Hertrampf et al., 2022b;Goetz et al., 2023). ...

Covid-19: teaching and learning in practical courses under special regulations – a qualitative study of dental students and teachers

... Nevertheless, difficulties may occur when OTL is applied to real-life subjects, particularly during outbreaks such as COVID-19. Hertrampf et al. (2022) observed that many institutions struggled to conduct practical lessons online amid social distancing and closures, notably in fields like CS, which rely on hands-on activities. Similarly, Makamure and Tsakeni (2020) observed that online teaching for practical subjects may be less effective than traditional methods, emphasising the necessity of adequate resources, clearly defined objectives, and robust administrative support. ...

Suspension of face-to-face teaching and ad hoc transition to digital learning under Covid-19 conditions – a qualitative study among dental students and lecturers

... DDC incurs significant logistical costs, with over 35% of work time spent on transporting and setting up equipment. Unlike private dental practices, it generates lower revenues due to the exclusion of high-cost treatments like indirect dental restorations and implant treatments [42]. To obtain financial sustainability for DDC initiatives, either the FFS care must be adapted -potentially with a capitation model for this subgroup of the population-or additional structural government funding would be required. ...

Health policy analysis on barriers and facilitators for better oral health in German care homes: a qualitative study

... Figure 3) [38]. The observation that participation rates differ between men and women fits well into the general observation that women compared to men as well as individuals with a healthy life-style and higher health literacy are more likely to participate in early detection programs [40]. Explicit reasons for the low participation rates in CRC screening in Germany remain yet unknown. ...

Evaluation of prevention behaviour and its influencing factors with respect to cancer screening

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology

... In this context, opportunistic screening in dental colleges is vital to reducing the cancer burden. Dentists play a crucial role in the early diagnosis of OCs and OPMDs [4,[17][18][19]. Training dental students to become proficient in OC screening is essential. ...

Early detection of oral cancer: a key role for dentists?

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology

... However, oral cancer and its treatment frequently impact the tongue, lips, and other related structures that are crucial for speaking, resulting in a considerable impairment of speech [19]. Impaired speech necessitates oral rehabilitation with speech therapy, dental prosthetics, and surgical reconstruction for functional restoration. ...

Effects of high-frequency speech therapy on speech-related quality of life and objective speech intelligibility of oral cancer patients
  • Citing Article
  • June 2021

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

... In essence, there has been an increase in the number of outcomes graduates must attain before they can graduate, with professionalism weighing in quite significantly and ever so increasing in its weight [27]. The review showed that ethics, ethical constructs and ethical context should be incorporated and flagged as a competency [30], which is verified by the survey, where ethics was the most frequent answer provided by the schools. ...

Identification of semester-specific teaching contents for dental ethics: development, testing and validation of a questionnaire