Kathryn Sikkink's research while affiliated with Harvard Medical School and other places
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Publications (41)
To confront the climate crisis, we need political change involving a dramatic shift in domestic and transnational norms. Norm models should be recognized as one of the theoretical tools within the panoply of approaches to examine and address climate change. The most promising norm campaigns underway are those that target fossil fuel companies and g...
Carefully selected and first translated into Polish excerpts from academic works, which shaped the international relations science. The anthology reflects the plurality of theoretical, normative and methodological approaches, characteristic of modern international relations science.
Carefully selected and first translated into Polish excerpts from academic works, which shaped the international relations science. The anthology reflects the plurality of theoretical, normative and methodological approaches, characteristic of modern international relations science.
Research on international norms has yet to answer satisfactorily some of our own most important questions about the origins of norms and the conditions under which some norms win out over others. The authors argue that international relations (IR) theorists should engage more with research in moral psychology and neuroscience to advance theories of...
Kratochwil's critique of rights as a dominant moral theory that cannot avoid ‘hegemonic’ politics appears to be too crude. This article suggests that more theoretical and practical attention to the responsibilities necessary to implement rights could address some of Kratochwil's concerns. The language of political and ethical responsibilities is of...
Amidst bleak prognostications about the future, the human rights movement offers a beacon of hope for securing a livable world. The movement’s universality, supranationalism, and expanding emancipatory potential serve as inspiration and guide for the larger project of global transformation. The sweeping vision embodied in the 1948 Universal Declara...
The global transitional justice tool kit - involving the use of criminal prosecutions, amnesties, and other mechanisms to address past human rights abuse - has become a primary means for thwarting future human rights violations and consolidating democracy. Nevertheless, evidence on the consequences of transitional justice remains mixed and amenable...
Following the attacks of 9/11, the United States adopted a policy of torturing suspected terrorists and reinterpreted its legal obligations so that it could argue that this policy was lawful. This article investigates the impact of these actions by the United States on the global norm against torture. After conceptualizing how the United States con...
In the years following the attacks of 9/11, the CIA adopted a program involving the capture, extraordinary rendition, secret detention, and harsh interrogation of suspected terrorists in the war on terror. As the details of this program have become public, a heated debate has ensued, focusing narrowly on whether or not this program “worked” by disr...
For the first time in one collected volume, mainstream and critical human rights scholars together examine the empirical and normative debates around the future of human rights. They ask what makes human rights effective, what strategies will enhance the chances of compliance, what blocks progress, and whether the hope for human rights is entirely...
We appreciate the opportunity to respond to David Richards’ critique of some of the arguments we made in “Information Effects and Human Rights Data.”1 Before doing so, we want to express appreciation to David Richards and David Cingranelli and their colleagues for their longstanding work in developing and maintaining the CIRI dataset.2 Our article...
Latin American governments, social movements, and regional organizations have made a far greater contribution to the idea and practice of international human rights than has previously been recognized. Most discussions of the global human rights regime stress its origins in the countries of the Global North. This article explores the role of Latin...
Since the 1980s, there has been a significant rise in domestic and international efforts to enforce individual criminal accountability for human rights violations through trials, but we still lack complete explanations for the emergence of this trend and the variation observed in the use of human rights prosecutions in the world. In this article, w...
The justice cascade refers to a new global trend of holding political leaders criminally accountable for past human rights violations through domestic and international prosecutions. In just three decades, state leaders have gone from being immune to accountability for their human rights violations to becoming the subjects of highly publicized tria...
Changes in quality and availability of information related to human rights violations raise questions about how best to use existing data to assess human rights change. Information effects are discernible both in primary sources of information and data coded by two prominent human rights datasets, the Political Terror Scale (PTS) and the Cingranell...
This edited volume brings together well-established and emerging scholars of transitional justice to discuss the persistence of amnesty in the age of human rights accountability. The volume attempts to reframe debates, moving beyond the limited approaches of 'truth versus justice' or 'stability versus accountability' in which many of these issues h...
This volume seeks to describe and analyze the pre-viously unexplored processes of transitional justice in the Asia-Pacific region. In so doing, it not only fills a geographical void in the study of state responses to past atrocities, it contributes to our understanding of patterns of transitional justice processes, diffusion of those processes, and...
Human rights prosecutions have been the major policy innovation of the late twentieth century designed to address human rights violations. The main justification for such prosecutions is that sanctions are necessary to deter future violations. In this article, we use our new data set on domestic and international human rights prosecutions in 100 tr...
What explains cross-national patterns of international portfolio and foreign direct investment (FDI)? While existing explanations focus on the credibility of a policy maker's commitment, we emphasize the role of diaspora networks. We hypothesize that diaspora networks—connections between migrants residing in investing countries and their home count...
Democratizing states began in the 1980s to hold individuals, including past heads of state, accountable for human rights violations. The 1984 Argentine truth commission report (Nunca Más) and the 1985 trials of the juntas helped to initiate this trend. Argentina also developed other justice-seeking mechanisms, including the first groups of mothers...
While it is generally recognized that we live in an increasingly globalized world, it is also abundantly evident that the effects of globalization are unequal. Despite the enormous size of global capital markets—as evidenced by figure 1—peoples, states and economies have varying degrees of access to international financial markets. The ability of p...
Since the 1980s, states have been increasingly addressing past human rights violations using multiple transitional justice mechanisms including domestic and international human rights trials. In the mid-1980s, scholars of transitions to democracy generally concluded that trials for past human rights violations were politically untenable and likely...
Current trends toward the judicialization of politics in Latin America are deeply embedded in a context of regional and international legalization. In this chapter I argue that one cannot fully understand the domestic judicialization of politics in most Latin American countries without taking this regional and international context into account. Fo...
Human rights practices in Latin America provide a lens through whichto examine the relationship between international law and domesticpolitics. International human rights norms are expressed in numerouswidely ratified treaties. Many of those norms also are embedded incustomary international law. The number of binding human rights normsincorporated...
Transnational networks of activists play an increasingly important role in international and regional politics, and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations and states. Transnational advocacy networks represent a particular type of transnational activism, in which principles and values play an important role in motivating...
Globalization studies have sparked lively debates about how the changing international environment has catalyzed collective action. This review of three agenda-setting books concludes that globalization's impact on collective action is more indeterminate than current scholarship suggests. Future research needs to parse out descriptive treatments of...
From the earliest campaign against Augusto Pinochet’s repressive practices to the recent massive demonstrations against the World Trade Organization, transnational collective action involving nongovernmental organizations has been restructuring politics and changing the world. Ranging from Santiago to Seattle and covering more than twenty-five year...
From the earliest campaign against Augusto Pinochet's repressive practices to the recent massive demonstrations against the World Trade Organization, transnational collective action involving nongovernmental organizations has been restructuring politics and changing the world. Ranging from Santiago to Seattle and covering more than twenty-five year...
Constructivism is an approach to social analysis that deals with the role of human consciousness in social life. It asserts that human interaction is shaped primarily by ideational factors, not simply material ones; that the most important ideational factors are widely shared or "intersubjective" beliefs, which are not reducible to individuals; and...
At what point can we concede that the realities of world politics require that moral principles be compromised, and how do we know when a real ethical limit has been reached? This volume gathers leading constructivist scholars to explore the issue of moral limit and possibility in global political dilemmas. The contributors examine pressing ethical...
Obra que reconstruye el origen y evolución de las actuales redes transnacionales que, con la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías informativas como recurso organizador y aglutinador, han logrado constituirse en movimientos más o menos presionadores en la defensa de los derechos humanos, de la protección ambiental y de una mayor equidad de género,...
Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, the authors analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. The analysis exploits a bilateral data set on internat...
Traducción de: Activits Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics Obra que reconstruye el origen y evolución de las actuales redes transnacionales que, con la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías informativas como recurso organizador y aglutinador, han logrado constituirse en movimientos más o menos presionadores en la defensa de...
Citations
... Transnational collective action or contentious politics may take different forms. Three major types identified by Khagram et al (2002) include: transnational advocacy networks, transnational coalitions, and transnational social movements, all of which involve non-governmental organizations interacting with international norms to restructure world politics. ...
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... Coercion, Capital and European States, 900-1900.Cambridge: Blackwell. 29 processes (Cullather, 2002) [31] . Fifth, the human life as a subjective matter, that is needed to be of high quality can be assessed in part according to how the state treats human beings and what effect it has on human life relaying on the view that considering state as a tool that serves to strength this subject (Miller, 2013) [32] . ...
... International NGOs weighed the consequences of continuing to supply humanitarian assistance against withdrawing entirely from the refugee camps (Jean 1994;Langellier 1997). In other words, humanitarians debated 'what ought we do', and their responses varied based on the ethical principles applied to assess the consequences of their actions (Sikkink 2008). ...
... Moreover, illiberal states such as China and Russia then face opportunities to justify their own deviations from international liberal norms and rules based on the hegemon's behavior (see Hurd 2007;Schmidt and Sikkink 2019). ...
... identify the trajectory of norm diffusion, following the model proposed by Martha Finnemore and Sikkink (1998) on the life cycle of norms. In the wake of US-led liberal globalization, early studies focused on the dissemination of liberal norms, including women's suffrage, human rights, and environmentalism (Finnemore & Sikkink 1998;Keck & Sikkink 1998;Risse & Sikkink 1999), revealing a distinct liberal bias. This approach to norm studies assumed a linear progression of norm diffusion, where Western powers served as "active teachers" instructing the socialization of liberal norms. ...
... While many see existing international human rights law as "toothless" due to weak enforcement, human rights activists have been working behind the scenes to build, slowly but steadily, an increasingly potent global framework for monitoring human rights practices and holding human rights offenders accountable (See Sikkink 2018 In the midst of the unfolding pandemic, this global human rights infrastructure can be a resource for people and communities worldwide. Global human rights bodies are speaking out to remind governments of their legal obligations to respect and protect rights, reinforcing "from above" the demands activists are making "from below." ...
... To date, most research on transitional justice has focused on assessing the success and/or impact of specific mechanisms (Dancy et al., 2019;Wiebelhaus-Brahm, 2010;Kim & Sikkink, 2012). Accordingly, not much is known on the factors that can shape individual attitudes towards transitional justice (but see David 2017;Aguilar et al., 2011 on political partisanship;and Bratton, 2011;Hall et al., 2018;Aguilar et al., 2011 on personal and/or family victimization from violence. ...
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... Influenced by the norms that have currency in international conservation networks, the locally based scientists adapt the norms to the Ecuadorian national context. This is an example of transnational advocacy networks, which are far-flung constellations of non-state actors connected by shared values, common discourse, and the exchange of information and resources [32]. Hence, the scientists studying whales in Ecuador are communicators positioned between international networks, national ministries, and the local communities where their research takes place. ...
... Powerful actors are much more influential in fashioning norms and international law. They determine which discursive and behavioral actions are considered appropriate (Schmidt and Sikkink 2018). Power also shapes the outcome of contestation: "When interpretations differ, the power of the interpreter continues to matter" (Barkin 2003, 337). ...
... 2 Human rights will continue to serve as a resilient and flexible tool of social movements worldwide (Chase 2012;Stammers 1999), commanding an ever-expanding popular constituency that resorts to rights claims for self-empowerment and resistance to injustice in various forms (Benhabib 2009;Simmons 2009). Therefore, one should expect a transnational human rights discourse to adapt, evolve, and thrive well into the foreseeable future (Dancy and Sikkink 2017;Rodríguez-Garavito 2014a;2014b). ...
