Karen H. Antman's research while affiliated with Boston University and other places

... Etoposide has also been given in tablet form, but as a single drug at doses of 50 mg/m 2 daily it has shown no or low efficacy [86,87]. In per oral combinations, e.g. with trofosfamide, it may be more active, as discussed below. ...

... Since tumor cells become progressively resis-tant to chemotherapy treatment, increasing the doses of chemotherapy is one way to overcome this chemoresistance. But the chemotherapy doses used are limited because of their toxicity in healthy tissues, such as hematopoietic tissue [111][112][113]. Multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene, which encodes the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), is a transmembrane protein involved in the efflux of toxic substances out of the cell [114], inducing protection of these cells toward chemotherapeu-tic agents [115]. ...

... More recently cellular, chimeric antigen receptor modified T-cell (CAR-T) therapies offer potentially curative options, but even with this approach well over half of the patients that are able to receive this treatment will suffer relapse [30][31][32][33][34] . Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can induce long-term DFS by taking advantage of the graft-versuslymphoma (GvL) effect; however, this strategy is infrequently employed due to unacceptable rates of treatment-related mortality (TRM) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) [7][8][9] . To mitigate these toxicities, reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens were initially developed to facilitate allogeneic engraftment while diminishing TRM rates, allowing for the immunologic GvL effect to eradicate disease, but earlier studies demonstrated that rapidly progressive or bulky disease outpaced these beneficial effects 10,11 ...

... Therefore, the MTD and DI for infusional ifosfamide may be increased or decreased relative to bolus delivery depending on the duration of infusion. Although phase III trials of infusional versus bolus ifosfamide have not been carried out, one study did analyze a sequential group of patients receiving ifosfamide as a bolus and subsequent entries as an infusion in conjunction with a combination chemotherapy regimen for metastatic sarcoma and there was a higher response rate in the group receiving bolus ifosfamide [29]. ...