Kamlesh K. Jain’s research while affiliated with Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi and other places

The present paper describes design, development and performance of a 50kN dead weight force standard machine and 50kN force comparator machines established at Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSL) to provide national traceability to users without much degradation in uncertainty in disseminating force scale. This chain of measurement expedites the process of dissemination of the force unit from the national level to the user industries economically without much degradation in uncertainty. The expanded uncertainty associated with the force measured by the dead weight force machine is ±0.005%, which increases to ±0.05% in the case of force measurement by the force comparator machines. An excellent agreement is found in the force measurements within the stated uncertainties of the individual machines used; (i) national force reference standard, (ii) RRSL Dead weight force machine and (iii) the force comparator machine which establishes the compatibility of these force standard machines based on different operational principle.

The calculation of the pressure generated by a controlled clearance piston gauge depends upon the jacket pressure corresponding to zero clearance between the piston and cylinder, P z ;. The dependence of P z ; on the viscosity of the pressure transmitting fluid, the temperature, and the rate of piston rotation has been measured. The value of P z ; is nearly independent of viscosity below 60 cp. Above 60 cp, P z ; depends strongly upon viscosity. Variations of P z ; with femperature and rate of rotation are more severe at figher viscosities. These results are a clear indication that for the most accurate pressure measurements, a controlled-clearance piston gauge must be characterized using the same operational and environmental conditions with the same fluid as in normal operation.

Results of the performance evaluation of a newly designed, developed and fabricated dead weight machines to realize forces in the range of (2–50) N are reported in this paper. Precision load cells of 20N, 50N and 100N having an expanded uncertainty of ± 0.03% are used for this evaluation. The calibration of these load cells against the dead weight force machine shows that the repeatability (Rep) and reproducibility (Repr) are better than 0.003% and 0.005% respectively, over the entire range. The calibration data observed is found to closely agree with the calibration results obtained directly against the Physikalsich-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany force standard machine having the relative measurement uncertainty of the force scale in the measuring range ≤ 0.002%.

This paper describes the preliminary results of the design, development and characterization of precision artifacts for the measurement of low forces of 1 N and 2 N. For designing the elastic element, we carried out the finite element analysis (FE) to determine the stress and strain distribution on the elastic element for appropriately identifying the location for fixing the strain gauges. In order to obtain optimum performance and sensitivity, the strain gauges are emplaced on the identified location using a high quality curing adhesive. Characterization of these artifacts are performed on a recently developed low force dead weight machine having an estimated best measurement capability (BMC) of ± 0.0012% (k=2). The repeatability and reproducibility of the developed artifact are found to be within ± 0.003% and ± 0.006% respectively

The seminar was planned in three parts: • Opening Ceremony • Series of lectures on specific topics (Annex I) • Final seminar The entire scientific program of the seminars and the course was organized by o INRiM with the collaboration of the o National Physical Laboratory (NPL), o the National Institute for Foreign Trade (ICE) in Rome (Dr. Andrea Caruso) and o New Delhi (Dr. Giancarlo Lamio). Opening Cerimony, Final Seminar and Training Course were carried out at the Conference Rooms made available by the NPL. After the introductory greeting of the President of the NPL, Prof. Vikram Kumar, Dr. Carlo Ferrero (CF), Dr. Mr. NicoloTassoni d'Entreves (Commercial Counsellor) and Dr. Giancarlo Lamio (GL), the following topics were presented through Power Point by CF -:  Italian metrological organization in the European framework and description of INRIM activities;  Calibration and Testing Laboratories in Italy and Accreditation organizations;  European situation in the field of mechanical quantities (EA) About 120 people were present at the Introductory Seminar, including the Director of the Office of Legal Metrology and the Indian Accreditation Body. The courses, lasting 4 days, were held in series, in the morning the theoretical lessons held by me, Dr. Marcello Caravaggio and colleagues of the NPL (Jain, Kamlesh, Titus, Sharma) and in the afternoon the corresponding practical exercises held by NPL staff – with the support of myself and Dr. Caravaggio for the theoretical part related to the exercises, Annex. In this way it was possible to compensate in part for the non-participation of Anita Calcatelli in the Training Course due to a strong constipation that had affected her the day before departure. From the airports of Turin and Munich I had managed to modify the CT program with the help of Caravaggio, Kamlesh and colleagues from the NPL's Pressure and Vacuum Department. Given the presence of a considerable number of technical/scientific personnel (about 65 participants) from both the NPL and industrial laboratories, accredited laboratories and the National Standardization Board, the participants in the exercises had been divided into three groups, as per the attached program. There were also about a dozen participants from other nations (Nepal, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Mongolia, Kuwait, Bhutan, Philippines) to whom ICE had provided pre-paid airline tickets while the NPL made the guesthouse available. Lunches and coffee breaks were offered by ICE. Participants in the Course have been distributed a CD with the Power Points used by us for the lessons and a series of articles on the topics covered. Given the considerable participation, the willingness of ICE and the NPL to repeat it in the coming year was reaffirmed, with the request by the Indian authorities to continue to open it to all those countries with which the NPL has particularly active relations and to which Italy has commercial and industrial interests (joint ventures). The Institute of Foreign Trade said it was interested in this further perspective because of the image contribution that could result from it to the Italian metrological structure and to national industry. I would like to emphasize the considerable interest of the participants in the Training Course that has expressed itself through a considerable number of questions both during the lessons and at the end of the lessons, with requests to send existing or current regulations and the new EA Guides on Torsiometer Calibration, NAWI - Calibration of Non Automatic Weighing Instruments and the results of the recent EA-ILC comparisons. But above all I was particularly pleased with the request to extend the hours of my lessons by two hours, compared to the original program, and to hold during the Closing Seminar an additional lesson dedicated to Calibration and evaluation of the uncertainties of the material test machines and presses, during which I had the opportunity to present a large part of the Italian production (METROCOM , GALDABINI, CONTROL, etc.), while during the lesson on calibration of force transducers and load cells used in weighing systems I gave an example of the production of AEP (dynamometers) and COOPBILANCIAI (weighing systems). Final seminar At the end of the seminar, the Attendance Certificates by G. Lamio and C. Ferrero (Annex III) and the President Prof. Vukram Kumar on behalf of the NPL were distributed to the participants in the course, and G. Lamio on behalf of ICE thanked the teachers for the work done and for presenting the latest developments in research and legislation at international level and the participants in the course for their seriousness. Following the seminar and the lessons, possible bilateral possibilities for cooperation were also evaluated. On the INRiM side, it was reiterated that the transitional phase is being completed following the restructuring of the metrology sector, but that it has opened up to considering possible exchanges of Visiting Professors in areas of interest to both Metrological Institutes and within the expenditure limits provided for this type of activity, suggesting that the possibilities for financial support from the EU be examined, UNESCO or other institutions. Participation in international cooperation projects is of the utmost importance for the growth of young researchers in all over the world. At the end of my speech, as Chair of the TC8 Technical Committee on Traceability, I invited those present, and in particular the Director of the NPL, colleagues of the NPL and Kamlesh Jain (member of the International Program Committee) to participate in the IMEKO TC8 Workshop on "Traceability to support CIPM MRA and other international arrangements" (Turin, 5-7 November 2008), recalling that updated information will be present on the IMEKO websites , INRIM, SIT and SINAL. Two laboratories were visited: At the Forces and Couples Department are located the Indian National Standard Machines of Force (photo 1-4) and Couple (photo 5). Force Laboratory: As far as force is concerned, they have two direct weight samples of 100 kN and 50 kN, for which a bilateral comparison has been made with the PTB. They have recently acquired a 100 kN machine with direct weights that by hydraulic multiplication allows to reach up to 1000 kN (uncertainty 2 x 10–4) They have had for about 20 years a SHENCK machine with direct weights and multiple lever multiplication that allows to reach up to 500 kN (transmission ratio 1:50, uncertainty 110–4). Table I shows the compatibility between the different NPL sample machines. They recently developed a direct weight system (photo 1) for low forces from 1 N to 100 N. The results of this work were presented at the recent IMEKO TC3/TC16 Congress held in Merida (Mexico). With these machines they carry out 600-700 calibrations/year with two operators. Most calibrations are made for Accredited Centers. They have a good number of reference transducers (GTM, HBM) to be used with a comparison method (Build-up) or in accreditation operations. Torque Laboratory The laboratory has recently acquired a direct weight torsiometers, bar supported by elastic hinges (GTM production – Photo 5) that covers the range from 1 Nm to 2 kNm with uncertainty type 5x10 –5 Approximate cost about 150 000 € with manual loading of the masses and automatic recovery of the horizontality of the lever. The same type of torsiometer was acquired three years ago by METAS.

The present invention discloses a relaxor material lead iron tungstate which has been synthesized in doped and undoped conditions by single and two step heat treatment. The relaxor material is seen to exhibit almost negligible hysteresis and a transducer made thereby shows pressure measurement capability over a wide range from 0.5 MPa to 415 MPa with accuracy of .+-.0.05%.

The seminar was programmed in three parts: Opening Ceremony Series of lectures on specific topics (Exhibit I) Final seminar The entire scientific program of the seminars and training course was organized by National Research Institute of Metrology (INRiM) with the collaboration of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), of the National Institute for Foreign Trade (ICE) in Rome (Dr. Andrea Caruso) and in New Delhi (Dr. Giancarlo Lamio). Opening Cerimony, Final Seminar y' Training Course were carried out at the Conference Rooms provided by the NPL. After the introductory greeting of the President of the NIS, Prof. Vikram Kumar, dr. Carlo Ferrero (CF), Dr. Mr. NicoloTassoni d'Entreves (Commercial Counsellor, Italian Embassy) and Dr. Giancarlo Lamio (GL), were presented by Dr. Carlo Ferrero - via Power Point - the following topics: • Italian metrological organization; European framework and • description of INRIM's activity; • Calibration and testing workshops in Italy and accreditation organisations; • SIT Organisation. About 120 people were present at the Introductory Seminar, including the Director of the Office of Legal Metrology and the Indian Accreditation Authority. The four-day courses were held in series, in the morning the theoretical lessons taught by me, Dr. Marcello Caravaggio and colleagues of the NPL (Jain, Kamlesh, Titus, Sharma) and in the afternoon the corresponding practical exercises held by staff NPL – with my and Dr. Caravaggio's support for the theoretical part related to the exercises (Exhibit II). In this way it was partly compensated for the failure of Anita Calcatelli to participate in the Training Course due to a strong constipation that had affected her the day before the start. From the airports of Turin and Munich I had managed to modify the TC program with the help of Dr. Caravaggio, Dr. Kamlesh and colleagues from the NPL's Pressure and Vacuum Department. Given the presence of a significant number of technical/scientific staff (about 65 participants) from both the NPL and industry laboratories, accredited laboratories and the National Standards Authority, the participants in the exercises had been divided into three groups, as the attached programme. There were also about a dozen participants from other nations (Nepal, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Mongolia, Kuwait, Bhutan, Philippines) to which ICE had provided prepaid air tickets while the NPL provided the guesthouse. Lunch and coffee breaks were offered by ICE. The participants of the Course were distributed a CD with the Power Points that we have used for the lessons and a series of articles on the topics covered. Given the considerable participation, the will of ICE and the NPL to repeat this in the coming year has been reiterated, with the Indian authorities requesting that it continue to open up to all those countries with which the NPL and Italy has commercial and industrial interests (joint ventures). The Institute of Foreign Trade said it was interested in this further perspective for the image contribution that could result from it, to the Italian metrological structure and to the national industry. I would like to emphasise the considerable interest of the participants in the Training Course, which has been expressed through a considerable number of questions both during the lessons and at the end of the training courses, with requests to submit existing or in-discussion regulations and the new EA Guides on Torsiometer Calibration, Non Automatic Weighing Instruments (NAWI) calibration, and the results of recent EA-ILC comparisons. But above all, I was particularly pleased to ask you to extend the time of my lessons by two hours, compared to the original program, and to give an additional lesson during the Closing Seminary dedicated to calibrating and evaluating the uncertainties of material test machines and presses during which I had the opportunity to present a large part of the Italian production (METROCOM, Acquati, etc.) while during the lesson on calibrating the force transducers and load cells used in the weighing systems I gave an example (Dinamometers) and COOPBILANCIAI (weighing systems). Final Seminar At the end of the seminar, the Certificates of Presence by G. Lamio and C. Ferrero (Exhibit III) and President Prof. Vukram Kumar on behalf of the NPL, and G. Lamio on behalf of ICE thanked the teachers for their work and for presenting the latest developments in international research and legislation and the participants in the course for their seriousness. Following the seminar and lectures, possible possibilities for bilateral cooperation were also assessed. On the part of INRiM, it reiterated the fact that the transitional phase is being completed following the restructuring of the metrology sector, but that it is open to considering possible exchanges of Visiting Professors in areas of interest to both Institutions. Metrological and spending limits for this type of activity, suggesting that financial support from the EU, UNESCO or other institutions should be checked. Participation in international cooperation projects is in fact extremely important for the growth of young researchers around the world. At the end of my speech I invited those present, and in particular the Director of the NPL, colleagues of the NPL and Kamlesh Jain (member of the International Program Committee) to participate in the IMEKO TC8 Workshop on "Traceability to support CIPM MRA and other "It's important to remember that the information will be available on the iMEKO, INRIM, SIT and SINAL websites. The two workshops of: Force and Twisting Moment at the Department of Forces and Couples are located the national standard machines of Force (photo 1-4) and Torque (photo 5).

Different types of Metallic materials testingThis part of ISO 7500-1 specifies the verification of tension/compression testing machines. The verification consists of: 1) a general inspection of the testing machine, including its accessories for the force application 2) a calibration of the force-measuring system machines calibrated by ISO 7500-1 Calibration Set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, and the corresponding values realized by standards (VIM) NOTE 1 The result of a calibration permits either the assignment of values of measurands to the indications or the determination of corrections with respect to indications REMEMBER… IN THE REAL PHISICS: STATIC and DYNAMIC EFFECTS ARE ALLWAYS PRESENT IMPORTANT NOTE The above procedure results only in uncertainties of the mean accuracy error obtained during the calibration of the testing machine. It does not give the uncertainty associated with a single application of force during the calibration; nor does it represent the uncertainty of the machine during its subsequent use when many other factors shall be considered (e.g., specimen alignment, temperature drift, and fixtures

THE National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, organized a Training course on Force and Torque Metrology jointly with Italian Trade Commission (ITC), New Delhi Branch and Metrology Society of India during 5-8 December 2006. The targeted participants were the middle level managers, quality assurance personnel, technical managers, etc. from accredited calibration laboratories, manufacturing and other industries both from public and private sectors, who are directly responsible for the implementation of the quality system in their organizations. In all 42 participants from India and one each from Nepal, Malaysia and two each from Thailand, Saudi Arabia attended the course. In the inaugural session, Dr Kamlesh K. Jain, Convener of the programme, briefly described the importance of the present training programme and achievements of the training programmes organized earlier by NPL. Dr Vikram Kumar, Director, NPL, in his welcome address emphasized the relevance of the training course in the present scenario of globalization and highlighted the importance of the metrology of force and torque in industry, particularly the automobile industry, in improving the quality of products and processes. He also highlighted the excellent work being done by the Force & Hardness Group of NPL, which has direct relevance to the present day need of the society, i.e. to improve the quality of the life and to safe guard the interest of the consumer. Dr Carlo Ferrero, Head, Force & Torque Laboratory, Instituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Italy, an international authority in the area, delivered the key note address on ‘A multi-component load cell – Key to detect parasitic components, which is very important to monitor 3-D force components in force standard machines’. He gave an overview of the recent developments in force measurements at INRIM, Italy, in general and in multicomponents load cell in particular. Ten invited talks including those from eminent speakers such as Dr Konrad Herrmann, Head, Hardness Standard Laboratory and Dr J. Illemann, Force Standard Laboratory, both from PTB Germany; Dr Carlo Ferrero, Head, Force & Torque Laboratory, INRIM, Italy, Shri Girdhar J Gyani, Secretary General, Quality Council of India, were delivered during four day deliberations. The presentation given by Dr Carlo Ferrero on design aspects and technical problems faced during the operation of force and torque standard machines, uncertainty evaluation in calibration of force and torque transfer standards, calibration of material testing machines, etc. were specially meant for the force and torque calibration service providers. Dr R.P. Singhal, Head, Physico-mechanical Standards, thanked the Italian Trade Commission, Dr Carlo Ferrero and all the participants for their keen interest and support throughout the training course and agreed to their demands to hold such training programmes frequently. Dr C. Caruso, Dr Giancarlo Lamio and Dr Carlo Ferrero, distributed the certificate to the participants.

TECHNICAL PROGRAMME INDO -ITALIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME ON FORCE & TORQUE METROLOGY December 5-8, 2006 National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012 Day 1 : December 5, 2006 Tuesday Venue : NPL AUDITORIUM 930- 1100 Inauguration 0930-1000 Registration 1000- 1005 About Training Programme: Dr. Kamlesh.K. Jain 1005-1010 Welcome: Director, NPL 1010–1015 About ICE& Dr. Giancarlo Lamio Inauguration Italian Trade Commissioner 1015-1055 Key note address: Current situation of Metrological activities in Italy Ing. Carlo Ferrero, Head, Force Standards Laboratory, INRIM, Italy 1055-1100 Vote of Thanks Mr. Sandeep Chadha Senior Trade Analyst Italian Trade Commission 1100-1130 Tea Break 1145.1215 Technical Session 1 December 5, 2006 Tuesday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 1130-1230 Quality Management system ISO17025 Mr. G. J. Gyani, Secretary General, Quality Council of India, India 1230-1300 Conforming to a quality standard Dr. R.P. Singhal, Head , Physico- Mechanical Standards, NPL, India 1300-1400 Lunch 1400-1530 Group 1 Introduction, principal of Dead weight force machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Dead weight Force Machine Group 2 Introductions, Principal of Torque Machine and Calibration of Torque transducers using Torque Standard machine 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1 Cont.. the calibration of force transducer Group 2 Cont.. the calibration of torque transducer Technical Session 2 December 6, 2006 Wednesday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 0930- 1100 Uncertainty evaluation and calibration of Force Transfer Standard Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130– 1200 International Scenario for calibration of Force proving and torque measuring instruments, S.K. Jain, Force & Hardness Standards, NPL, New Delhi 1200-1300 Guidelines for disseminating the torque primary standard through Torque Transfer standard according to DIN/BS documents S.S.K. Titus, Force & Hardness Standards, NPL, New Delhi 1300-1400 Lunch Break 1400-1530 Group 1 Introductions, Principal of Torque Machine and Calibration of Torque transducers using Torque Standard machine Group 2 Introduction, principal of Hydraulic Multiplication machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Hydraulic Multiplication Machine 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1 Cont.. the calibration of force transducer Group 2 Cont.. the calibration of torque transducer Technical Session 3 December 7, 2006 Thursday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 930-1030 Comparison of different International Standards for calibrating Force proving Instruments Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1030-1100 Development of Force Metrology at NPL, India Kamlesh K. Jain, NPL, New Delhi 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130- 1215 Traecaibility in force Measurement and its importance, Jens. Illemann, Force Standards Group, PTB, Germany 1215-1300 Evaluation of BMC of Force Calibrating Machines Anil Kumar, NPL, India 1300-1400 Lunch Break 1400- 1530 Group 1 Introduction, principal of Hydraulic Multiplication machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Hydraulic Multiplication Machine. Group 2 Introduction, principal of Dead weight force machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Dead weight Force Machine. 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1&2 Uncertainty Evaluation in Force Measurement, Technical Session 4 December 8, 2006 Friday Venue Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 0930-1030 Portable Hardness Standard Machines Dr. R. Herrmann Head, Hardness Standard Laboratory, PTB, Germany 1030-1100 Accreditation of Calibration Laboratories in Italy Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130-1215 Uncertainty Evaluation in Torque Measurement, S.S. K. Titus, NPL, India 1215-1245 Concluding session & Distribution of certificates By Dr. Giancarlo Lamio and Dr. Carlo Ferrero 1300- Lunch Break and Session Break TECHNICAL PROGRAMME INDO -ITALIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME ON FORCE & TORQUE METROLOGY December 5-8, 2006 National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012 Day 1 : December 5, 2006 Tuesday Venue : NPL AUDITORIUM 930- 1100 Inauguration 0930-1000 Registration 1000- 1005 About Training Programme: Dr. Kamlesh.K. Jain 1005-1010 Welcome: Director, NPL 1010–1015 About ICE& Dr. Giancarlo Lamio Inauguration Italian Trade Commissioner 1015-1055 Key note address: Current situation of Metrological activities in Italy Ing. Carlo Ferrero, Head, Force Standards Laboratory, INRIM, Italy 1055-1100 Vote of Thanks Mr. Sandeep Chadha Senior Trade Analyst Italian Trade Commission 1100-1130 Tea Break 1145.1215 Technical Session 1 December 5, 2006 Tuesday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 1130-1230 Quality Management system ISO17025 Mr. G. J. Gyani, Secretary General, Quality Council of India, India 1230-1300 Conforming to a quality standard Dr. R.P. Singhal, Head , Physico- Mechanical Standards, NPL, India 1300-1400 Lunch 1400-1530 Group 1 Introduction, principal of Dead weight force machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Dead weight Force Machine Group 2 Introductions, Principal of Torque Machine and Calibration of Torque transducers using Torque Standard machine 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1 Cont.. the calibration of force transducer Group 2 Cont.. the calibration of torque transducer Technical Session 2 December 6, 2006 Wednesday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 0930- 1100 Uncertainty evaluation and calibration of Force Transfer Standard Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130– 1200 International Scenario for calibration of Force proving and torque measuring instruments, S.K. Jain, Force & Hardness Standards, NPL, New Delhi 1200-1300 Guidelines for disseminating the torque primary standard through Torque Transfer standard according to DIN/BS documents S.S.K. Titus, Force & Hardness Standards, NPL, New Delhi 1300-1400 Lunch Break 1400-1530 Group 1 Introductions, Principal of Torque Machine and Calibration of Torque transducers using Torque Standard machine Group 2 Introduction, principal of Hydraulic Multiplication machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Hydraulic Multiplication Machine 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1 Cont.. the calibration of force transducer Group 2 Cont.. the calibration of torque transducer Technical Session 3 December 7, 2006 Thursday Venue: Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 930-1030 Comparison of different International Standards for calibrating Force proving Instruments Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1030-1100 Development of Force Metrology at NPL, India Kamlesh K. Jain, NPL, New Delhi 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130- 1215 Traecaibility in force Measurement and its importance, Jens. Illemann, Force Standards Group, PTB, Germany 1215-1300 Evaluation of BMC of Force Calibrating Machines Anil Kumar, NPL, India 1300-1400 Lunch Break 1400- 1530 Group 1 Introduction, principal of Hydraulic Multiplication machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Hydraulic Multiplication Machine. Group 2 Introduction, principal of Dead weight force machine and Calibration of Force transducer using Dead weight Force Machine. 1530-1545 Tea Break 1545-1730 Group 1&2 Uncertainty Evaluation in Force Measurement, Technical Session 4 December 8, 2006 Friday Venue Lecture Room Standard Block, TEC Building 0930-1030 Portable Hardness Standard Machines Dr. R. Herrmann Head, Hardness Standard Laboratory, PTB, Germany 1030-1100 Accreditation of Calibration Laboratories in Italy Dr. Carlo Ferrero, INRIM, Italy 1100-1130 Tea Break 1130-1215 Uncertainty Evaluation in Torque Measurement, S.S. K. Titus, NPL, India 1215-1245 Concluding session & Distribution of certificates By Dr. Giancarlo Lamio and Dr. Carlo Ferrero 1300- Lunch Break and Session Break IN THE FOLOWING ARE REPORTED THE LECTURE GIVEN BY THE NPL COLLEAGUES REGARDING THE TORQUE MEASUREMENTS. WITH MANY THANKS FOR HIGH SUPPORTING CONTRIBUTION AT THE NPL SCIENTISTS AND TO ALL THE NPL STAFF FOR THE INDO -ITALIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME ON FORCE & TORQUE METROLOGY (NEW DELHI 5-8 DECEMBER 2006) Guidelines for Disseminating the Torque Primary Standard Through Torque Transfer Standard According to DIN/ BS Documents S.S.K.Titus KAMLESH K JAIN Force and Hardness Standards National Physical Laboratory Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi - 100 012. E-mail: kkjain4@yahoo.com ECONOMIC BENEFIT INVENTOR OF THE PRODUCTION LINE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY, LATE HENNERY SAID, STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFICATION, WHICH INVOLVES HIGH SAVINGS FOR THE CONSUMER, BRINGS SO MUCH PROFIT TO THE PRODUCER THAT HE CAN HARDLY SPEND THE MONEY. AN ERROR OF 5% IN MEASUREMENT ON WEIGHBRIDGES ALONE IN THE COUNTRY OVER A PERIOD OF 5 YEARS RESULTS IN A WHOOPING RS. 22000 CRORES. Report Legal Metrology, ( Min. Of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution) 3% DEVIATION IN TYRE PRESSURE OF AUTOMOBILE FROM ITS OPTIMUM VALUE WOULD COST AN EXCHEQUER MORE THAN US $ 100 BILLION PER ANNUM REPORT (NIST,USA) DEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE , USA1999 QUALITY: • SURETY TO THE CUSTOMER THAT MILLIONTH PIECE IN HIS CONSIGNMENT WILL CONFIRM TO SIMILAR SPECIFICATIONS/ STANDARDS • POSSIBLE ONLY WITH STRICT CONTROL ON THE PROCESSING PARAMETERS DURING MANUFACTURE • NEED TO HAVE RELIABLE, REPRODUCIBLE AND ACCURATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM • COMPATIBILITY OF THESE MEASUREMENTS WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES OPERATING IN SIMILAR SECTORS AND TRACEABLE TO NATIONAL STANDARD PRECISION REQUIRED MAY VARY FROM A FEW PERCENT TO A FEW PARTS PER MILLION DEPENDING UPON THE LOCATION AND APPLICATIONS • WEIGHBRIDGES INVOLVED IN WEIGHING OF THE COMMODITIES • TESTING THE STRENGTH OF THE MATERIALS • DESIGNING SAFE BUILDING • THRUST MEASUREMENT OF JET ENGINES • COMPARING LARGE WEIGHTS • TO EXPAND THE FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE ETC. IN THE MEDICAL RESEARCH FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FORCE IN TRANSFER FORCE STANDARDS: • MAINLY TWO TYPES • LOAD CELLS WITH ELECTRICAL OUTPUT • PROVING RINGS WITH DEFLECTION IN MICRONS A RELAIBLE TRANSFER FORCE STANDARD SHOULD POSSES: • REPEATABILITY • NEGLIGIBLE ZERO SHIFT AND CREEP • MINIMUM ERRORS DUE TO HYSTERESIS • LONG TERM STABILITY • MINIMUM REPEATABILITY ERROR ( WITH ROTATION) • GOOD LINEARITY TO ENABLE INTERPOLATION • GOOD LONG TERM STABILITY • NEGLIGIBLE ZERO SHIFT AFTER LOADING CYCLE THE RANGE OF FORCES COVERED IS FROM 10-9 TO 109 NEWTON TYPES OF THE FORCE �IN MACROSCOPIC WORLD GRAVITATIONAL FORCES (FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO BODIES) ELECTROSTATIC FORCES (FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGES) MAGNETIC FORCES (FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGES) �IN MICROSCOPIC WORLD WEAK FORCES (FORCE BETWEEN ELEMENTARY PARTICLES) NUCLEAR FORCES (FORCES BETWEEN NUCLEONS) NPL CAN HELP IN THE FOLLOWING WAY TO EXTEND THE CALIBRATION CHAIN: • TO PROVIDE THE NATIONAL TRACEABILITY DIRECTLY TO THE VARIOUS CALIBRATION LABORATORIES, • TO PROVIDE PRACTICAL TRAINING TO TECHNICAL PERSONS ENGAGED IN CALIBRATION WORK • TO ASSIST / GUIDE FOR PREPARING THE DOCUMENTATION LIKE KEEPING RECORDS, CALIBRATION PROCEDURES PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION CERTIFICATE ETC. • TO PROVIDE REFERENCE AND TRANSFER STANDARDS FOR DIFFERENT PARAMETERS AT ALMOST 1/3 COST OF THE SIMILAR IMPORTED EQUIPMENT • PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ON TURN KEY BASIS STRICTLY WITHIN A STIPULATED TIME WITHOUT ANY COST OVER RUN. Evaluation of BMC of force calibrating machines BY: ANIL KUMAR FORCE AND HARDNESS GROUP NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY DR.K.S KRISHNAN MARG NEW DELHI-110012 Abstract: • This paper describes the method for evaluation of best measurement capability of force calibrating machines step by step. It allows realistic uncertainty scope of the force calibrating machine. This method is broadly based on using a number of precision force standards traceable to National force standard machines. Introduction: • A number of force laboratories are being set up in India using different force calibrating machines. These force calibrating machines are used for calibration of different types of force proving instruments. But there is a lack of harmonization in evaluation of best measurement capability of force calibrating machines. Even some accredited labs are evaluating BMC of force calibrating machines without traceability to national force standard machines. This paper gives broader guidelines for evaluating BMC of force calibration machines. Different types of force calibrating machines and their Traceability: • There are four types of calibrating machines used by accredited laboratories for calibration of force proving instruments. Four types of calibrating machines are as follows: 1. Deadweight Force machines 2. Lever amplification 3. Hydraulic amplification 4. Comparator type/ Build up system • These machines have different type design principles which are described elsewhere. • The expected best measurement capabilities of force calibration machines depend on the type of force realization.