Kam Lun Hon's research while affiliated with Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong and other places
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Publications (125)
Extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) is increasingly applied for bilirubin removal in critical care setting. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of children aged 1 month to 18 years old who received EBP for hyperbilirubinemia and explored the bilirubin removal kinetics by hemoadsorption (HA) in the pediatric intensive care unit of...
Background
Hepatitis E is viral hepatitis caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Objective
This article aims to review HEV disease and recent advances in the management of hepatitis E.
Methods
We used PubMed Clinical Queries and keywords of “hepatitis E”, “hepatitis E virus” AND “zoonosis” as the search engine. “Therapy”, “Clinical...
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an upper airways chronic inflammatory disease mediated by IgE, which affects 10%–20% of the population. The mainstay for allergic rhinitis nowadays include steroids and antihistamines, but their effects are less than ideal. Many patients therefore seek Chinese medicine for treatment and Yupingfeng Powder is one...
Background
Roseola infantum is a common viral disease that occurs during childhood worldwide.
Objective
The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of roseola infantum.
Methods
A search was conducted in April, 2022, in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key ter...
Background:
Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin with various clinical manifestations. This review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of tinea versicolor.
Methods:
A search was conducted in July 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "tinea versicolor"...
A 14-year-old male developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after acquiring the SARS-CoV-2 infection. He deteriorated rapidly requiring inotropic and ventilatory support as well as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) due to rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury. A hemoadsoprtion column Cytosorb® was first inco...
Background:
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common viral disease in childhood. Because the disease has the potential to reach epidemic levels and the mortality is high in some countries, early recognition of this disease is of paramount importance.
Objective:
This purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manif...
Background
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spares no nation or city, and the virus is responsible for the escalating incidence and mortality all around the world.
Objective
This article reviews the impact of “Long Covid” on Children.
Methods
A PubMed search was conducted in December 2021 in Clinical Queries using the key terms "COVID-...
Coronavirus diseases, from SARS, to MERS and now COVID-19 have major implications on the aviation industry and international travels. Although many cities and countries are adopting ‘live with COVID’ strategies, various rules and regulations are still in place. Documents demonstrating COVID-19 vaccination or recovery from the disease have now becom...
Background:
Advancements in cancer treatment have resulted in longer survival but often at the expense of new therapy-associated morbidities. The aim of this study is to evaluate functional outcomes of hemato-oncology patients at PICU discharge, and to identify associated risk factors.
Methods:
A single-center retrospective observational study....
The pediatric neuroimmunology field has made significant progress in the last decade. Now, is possible to recognize primary demyelinating diseases, paraneoplastic syndromes, inflammatory (vasculitis), and granulomatous disorders that affect the central nervous system; at the same time, it is important to exclude neurologic manifestations caused by...
Autoimmune encephalitis can be defined as central nervous system inflammation, secondary to multiple causes, where we can possibly identify the formation of auto-antibody against neurotransmitter receptors or neuronal surface proteins. Approximately 50% of patients are seropositive; the auto-antibody against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) ar...
Background
Viral bronchiolitis is a common condition and a leading cause of hospitalization in young children.
Objective
This article provides readers with an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of viral bronchiolitis, primarily due to RSV
Methods
A PubMed search was conducted in December 2021 in Clinical Queries using the key term...
Background
Childhood obesity is an important and serious public health problem worldwide.
Objective
This article aims to familiarize physicians with the evaluation, management, and prevention of childhood.
Methods
A PubMed search was conducted in May 2021 in Clinical Queries using the key terms "obesity" OR “obese”. The search included clinical t...
Background: Many syndromes are associated with exaggerated inflammation. Children with hyperinflammatory syndromes often present with vague and non-specific symptoms that pose diagnostic and management challenges. The recent literature seems biased towards referring these syndromes only to the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) t...
We report a girl with drug-resistant seizures, progressive behavioral changes, and cognitive decline. Investigations showed abnormal EEG with frequent high-voltage bifrontotemporal sharp and slow waves, especially during sleep. Seizures were difficult to control, despite the usage of various antiepileptic drugs. Perampanel as an add-on antiepilepti...
Background
Early recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because acanthosis nigricans can be a cutaneous manifestation of a variety of systemic disorders and, rarely, as a sign of internal malignancy.
Objective
This purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and managem...
Background: Early recognition of xeroderma pigmentosum is important to minimize the complications arising from the harmful effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This narrative review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of xeroderma pigmentosum.
Methods: A search was conducted in December 2021...
Introduction:
Spinal muscular atrophy is a congenital condition associated with mutations in the SMN1 gene. Patients have normal intellectual development, but the natural history is progressive respiratory failure resulting in premature death.
Case:
Diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 in early primary school, the wheelchair-bound girl...
Animal reservoirs for respiratory and coronavirus have been major health concerns. Zo-onosis due to coronavirus involves bats, civet cat, camels, pangolins and now the minks. In the same vein, influenza pandemics occur when a new strain of the influenza virus is transmitted to humans from another animal species. Species thought to be of particular...
Background: Pediculosis capitis is a common human parasitic infestation in childhood. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the management of pediculosis capitis.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key terms “pediculosis capitis” OR “head lice” OR “head louse”. The search strategy included c...
Aim:
Childhood encephalopathy comprises a wide range of etiologies with distinctive distribution in different age groups. We reviewed the pattern of encephalopathy admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary children's hospital.
Methods:
We reviewed the medical records and reported the etiologies, clinical features, and ou...
We report the successful management of hyperbilirubinemia using two different modalities of extracorporeal bilirubin removal therapy for a pediatric patient. A 13-year-old boy with dilated cardiomyopathy requiring veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) developed acute kidney injury and was dependent on continuous renal replacem...
Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) variants belonging to Orthohepevirus species A (HEV-A) are the primary cause of human hepatitis E. However, we previously reported that Orthohepevirus C (HEV-C1), a divergent HEV variant commonly found in rats, also causes hepatitis in humans. Here, we present a clinical-epidemiological investigation of human HEV-...
Background:
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease that can lead to disfigurement and psychological distress. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the management of acne vulgaris.
Methods:
A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term "acne". The search strategy included clinical trials, meta...
We report two children with rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury who were successfully treated with a haemoadsorption column CytoSorb® in addition to continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). A 14-year-old girl with multiorgan failure requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation developed rhabdomyolysis due to reperfusion injury. Her c...
Allergic skin diseases are highly prevalent among children. Patients with allergic skin diseases experience sociopsychological and quality-of-life (QoL) burdens in excess of those in the general population. Children and their caregivers are especially vulnerable to the burden of many of the common allergic skin diseases. In the past few decades, re...
Purpose:
Children with mediastinal masses often present with insidious symptoms to nonspecialist centers and require interhospital transport to oncology centers for definitive care. We evaluated clinical characteristics and patient outcomes and proposed a management protocol.
Materials and methods:
This is a retrospective review of all children...
Children with Menkes disease may develop various urological and renal problems that evolve as the disease progresses. A 4-year-old boy with Menkes disease had multiple bladder diverticula and a history of recurrent urinary tract infection caused by urea-splitting organisms. The child developed urosepsis and right pyelonephritis. Subsequent investig...
Background:
Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at higher risk of all-cause poisoning by drugs and chemicals (intentional or accidental). Currently, there is limited data on whether medication treatment for ADHD can reduce the risk of all-cause poisoning.
Methods:
Patients aged 5-18 years with a meth...
Although Western medicine and ideas about atopic dermatitis (AD) have become popular in many Asian countries, local beliefs about the disease and its treatment often prevail. The multi-racial background of these countries as well as the influence of the diverse religions (such as Taoism and Ramadan) in these regions often lead to diverse belief sys...
Background: With advancements in the field of oncology, cancer survival rates have improved dramatically but modern cancer treatments also come with an increasing number of disease and treatment-associated complications. This article provides an updated narrative review on the pathophysiology, clinical presentations and latest management strategies...
Staphylococcus aureus is known to be one of the most common gram-positive microorganisms and an important pathogen associated with sepsis and toxic shock. We present four anonymized consecutive cases in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to illustrate the different clinical manifestations of staphylococcal infections, including local infection...
Background:
Poisoning causes significant morbidity and sometimes mortality in children worldwide. The clinical skill of toxidrome recognition followed by the timely administration of an antidote specific for the poison is essential for the management of children with suspected poisoning. This is a narrative review on antidotes for toxidromes in pa...
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity amongst critically ill children. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an up-to-date review on the evaluation and management of paediatric ARDS (PARDS).
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key ter...
Background: Septic shock is a common critical illness associated with high morbidity and mortality in children. This article provides an updated narrative review on the management of septic shock in paediatric practice.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed using the following Medical Subject Headings: “sepsis”, “septic shock” and “systemic infla...
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare congenital genetic conditions that result in painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes which occur with minor trauma or friction. There are many types and subtypes of EB that need to be distinguished, as the management and prognosis of each can vary significantly. We aim to perform an up-to-da...
Introduction:
Eczema or atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing dermatosis characterized by pruritus and a significant impact on the quality of life.
Methods:
The authors undertook a structured search of peer-reviewed research articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. Recent and up-to-date studies relevant to the topic were included.
R...
Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality among critically ill children. However, epidemiological data in Asian paediatric populations remain scarce.
Objectives
We presented the result of the interim analysis of an ongoing prospective cohort study on the epidemiology of AKI and electrolytes disturb...
Background
EBP has been increasingly used to treat various conditions among critically ill patients and is frequently incorporated into the continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) circuit.
Objectives
We reported our experience of applying EBP in a newly established Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Methods
The medical records of children requiri...
Background
Electrolytes and acid-base disturbances are common yet largely ignored problems in critical care. Although closely related, the relationship between electrolytes disturbance and acute kidney injury (AKI) has not been extensively studied among critically children.
Objectives
We presented the results of the interim analysis of an ongoing...
The role of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been expanding beyond support for acute kidney injury (AKI) in recent years. Children with malignancy are particularly at risk of developing conditions that may require CRRT. We reported three children with malignancy who received CRRT for non-AKI indications. Patient 1 was a 17-year-old t...
Background: Viral gastroenteritis is the most common diarrhoeal disorder seen in general practice and emergency departments. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the evaluation and management of viral gastroenteritis in children.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term ‘viral gastroente...
Background: Despite being a common problem in childhood, functional constipation is often difficult to manage. This article provides a narrative updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis and management of childhood functional constipation.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term ‘functional constipation’....
Aims & Objectives: Childhood encephalopathy comprises a wide range of etiologies. We reviewed the pattern and outcomes of children with encephalopathy admitted to the PICU of a newly established tertiary children’s hospital
Methods: We retrospective reviewed the medical records of children with encephalopathy admitted to the PICU of the Hong Kong...
A 15-year-old male with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving chemotherapy was admitted for intermittent vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. He was found to have signs of peritonitis and development of compensated shock. The urgent abdominal X-rays showed pneumoperitonium and intramural gas. Blood tests showed elevated lactate level of 4.8...
Objectives: Children in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are vulnerable to acute kidney injury (AKI) and due to the complex nature of the disease, they are often exposed to multiple medications which may individually or in combination have the potential to cause addition risk for renal injury. Among hospitalized children, nephrotoxic medic...
Introduction:
Frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at risk of psychological distress. This study evaluates the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on HCWs in a national paediatric referral centre.
Methods:
This was a survey-based study that collected demographic, work environment and mental...
There are several well-described and studied autoimmune diseases that affect different organ systems, and a limited number of these affect the central nervous system. Autoimmune encephalitis represents a disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and different levels of severity, from mild cognitive impairment to complex encephalopathy...
Results from early studies in the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in immunocompromised adults and children were variable. This prospective study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of BALs in immunocompromised children over the first 18 months of service at a newly established children’s hospital. Relationship between BAL resul...
IntroductionThere is some evidence to suggest that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Asia is rising. We have therefore developed an algorithm for the topical treatment of AD throughout South and East Asia for use by primary care physicians, pediatricians and dermatologists.Methods
Nine AD experts from South and East Asia and one from Euro...
Background
Vitiligo is a relatively common acquired pigmentation disorder that can cause significant psychological stress and stigmatism.
Objective
This article aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of vitiligo.
Methods
A Pubmed search was conducted in Clinical Queries using the key...
Background
Eczema is the most common childhood skin problem worldwide. Education that enhances parental self‐efficacy in carrying out appropriate eczema management is crucial to controlling eczema symptoms of their children. However, the lack of such a structured education program hinders everyday lives of eczematous children and their families. Th...
Background
Poisoning is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the advancement of poison detection by modern investigation methods, the clinical skill of toxidrome recognition by combining the findings from a detailed history, thorough physical examination, and the results of basic investigations is still...
Background:
In the pediatric age group, approximately 7.5% of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are complicated by acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS). Despite its prevalence, ABS is often overlooked in young children. The diagnosis and management present unique challenges in primary care. This is an updated narrative review on the evaluation,...
Background
Signs of feeding intolerance are common in formula-fed infants. We evaluated the clinical response to a partially hydrolyzed 100% whey protein formula with high sn-2 palmitate and reduced lactose (FA) and to an alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey-predominant intact protein formula with full lactose (FB) in healthy full-term infants with pare...
Background:
Pityriasis rosea is a common acute, self-limited papulosquamous dermatosis that primarily affects children and young adults. The condition and its clinical variants may pose a diagnostic challenge, especially in the absence of the herald patch.
Objective:
This article aimed to familiarize pediatricians with clinical manifestations, e...
Background:
Atopic eczema (AE) is a common relapsing inflammatory skin disease in children which is often associated with chronicity and poor quality of life. Unlike atopic asthma, control of AE is seldom assessed in therapeutics.
Aim:
To investigate the utility of a Traffic Light Control (TLC) system as a measurement/assessment of self-perceive...
Background
Nummular eczema may mimic diseases that present with annular configuration and the differential diagnosis is broad.
Objective
This article aimed to provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of nummular eczema.
Methods
A PubMed search was performed in Clinical Queries using the key terms “nummular eczema”, “discoid e...
Background
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a systemic autoimmune condition which usually starts in childhood.
Objective
This article aims to review genetics, therapy, prognosis and recent patents for AA.
Methods
We used clinical queries and keywords of “alopecia areata” AND “childhood” as search engine. Patents were searched using the key term “alopecia...
Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with acute respiratory distress beyond the newborn period may poise challenges in diagnosis and management. We report a 3-month-old infant who presented with acute-onset respiratory distress and left congenital diaphragmatic hernia that was relieved with thoracoscopic repair. CDH must be...
Background: Tinea corporis is a common fungal infection that mimics many other annular lesions. Physicians must familiarize themselves with this condition and its treatment.
Objective: This article aimed to provide a narrative updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of tinea corporis.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with...
We have managed two anonymized siblings with Kawasaki disease (KD). The occurrence of KD in the elder brother alerted us to the occurrence of incomplete KD in the younger brother. Both siblings were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and a high dose of dipyridamole with resolution of the coronary artery aneurysm. Dipyridamole was used instead...
Background
Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminthic infection. More than 1.2 billion people have ascariasis worldwide.
Objective
This article aimed to provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of ascariasis.
Methods
A PubMed search was conducted in February 2020 in Clinical Queries using the key terms “ascariasis” OR...
