K.U. Ogbe’s scientific contributions

Long-acting contraception (LARC) is the utmost effective form of reversible birth control methods and there are to main types which include the intrauterine device (IUD) and the birth control implant. The objectives of this paper was to investigate the knowledge ,attitude and age factors of long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) among postgraduate students at a tertiary institution in greater machester, England, UK using an online participatory survey,opned to the general public through internal email and social media (Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook). Targeting 322 female postgraduate students between 21-50 years. However, only 50 participants took part in the survey due to the limitations posed by COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that there were more participants between 31-40 years (42.9%), more married women (49.0%), more Christians (59.2%), and an equal number of White and black Africans (44.9%). The percentages of women who have heard about LARC include; implants (87.8%), injectables (85.7%), Intrauterine devices (72.9%), and hormonal intrauterine system (58.3%). Some of the participants showed positive attitudes towards LARC, while majority of the participants would not use LARC because of the side effects. Most of those who have used implants and injectables were women between 21-30 years, and older women have used intrauterine devices more than the younger age group. Some barriers to the use of LARC include; Side effects of LARC (63.8%), Interference with the body's processes(63%), and lack of knowledge about different methods available(54.3%),having a foreign object in their bodies (59.1% for injectables) and (53.2% for implants)

The objective of this paper was to investigate the proximate, minerals and vitamin composition of Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus freshwater fish species obtained from Ega Market in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria using standard procedure. The highest protein content was recorded for Synodotis ocellifer at 24.76±0.000a and for Malapteruru selectricus at 20.625±0.019b, highest moisture was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 71.07±0.042a and for Synodontis ocellifer at 68.30±0.141b.The highest ash content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 3.075±0.035aand forMalapterurus electricus at 2.875±0.356b.The highest crude fibre was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 1.030±0.014a, while the lowest crude fibre was recorded in Synodontis ocellifer 0.140±0.028b.The highest Fat content was recorded Synodontis ocellifer at 3.110±0.014aand forMalapterurus electricus at 3.025±0.007b. The highest carbohydrate content was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 1.38±0.084a and for Synodontis ocellifer at 0.705±0.134b. There is a significant difference between all the proximate compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapteruru selectricus at p-value< 0.05.Synodontisocellifer, the highest mineral content was recorded for K at 942.10±0.14a followed by Ca at 317.950±0.214a, while the lowest was observed in Fe at 2.35±0.70b. For Malapterurus electricus, the highest mineral content was recorded for K at 610.70±0.00b followed by Ca at 203.40±0.14b, while the lowest was observed in Zn at 2.30±0.14b.There was a significant difference between all the mineral compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus except for P, at p-value< 0.05. The highest Vitamin C content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 5.35±0.035a, while the lowest Vitamin C content was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 4.77±0.035b. The highest Vitamin A content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 144.33±1.689a, while lowest Vitamin A content was recorded at 130.02±0.000b. There is a significant difference between all the vitamin compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus at p-value< 0.05.The nutrient profile of these fish species will provide information to dieticians, livestock farmers, marketing industries and other fisheries stakeholders. Synodotis ocellifer has the highest protein content and could be recommended as a possible effective way to solve protein malnutrition.

A mixture of two edible plant product powders chilli pepper (Capsicum annum) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) (MEPPP) were studied for the effectiveness in suppressing ovipositor, and progeny emergence against Callosobruschus maculatus (f). Pulverized MEPP at the rate of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0g/20g of cowpea seeds were applied as to pre-treated product powder significantly (P≤0.05) reduced oviposition by C. maculatus when tested as pre-treated application, compared with oviposition in control treatments. Consequently, F1 progeny emergence was significantly (P≤05) suppressed compared with emergence in control. In the treatment after infestation, egg mortalities were highest in treatment with at 2g, 2.5g and 3.0g.

A study on the proximate composition of 4 scaled and unscaled fish samples were carried out in September, 2019 using standard procedures. The protein content between 7.02±2.05% in the scaled fish samples, while that of unscaled fish ranged from 18.29±2.26%. Concentrations of fats were 2.21±0.70% in scaled while unsealed were 2.58±21.10%. Fibre values ranged from 0.130±0.0.037% in the scaled and unscaled were observed to be 0.26±0.11%. Carbohydrate recorded in scaled fish samples ranged from 12.03±5.65 in unscaled fish samples ranged from 9.71±2.30% . Ash content observed was (0.61±0.36% in scaled fish samples while unscaled fish samples shows 1.93±0.69% Moisture contents recorded in scaled was 67.74±5.17% while unscaled shows 67.18±3.73%. They was no significance difference at P > 0.05 except for ash content. Bargus bayad had the highest crude protein content and could be recommended as a possible effective way to solve protein malnutrition

Brewer’s waste is one of the promising carbohydrate and protein source by-products for fish diets. A 10-wk feeding trial experiment involving 10 different diets (10 diets for Spent millet, from locally fermented drink (Burukutu) with increasing levels of brewer’s waste (40% crude protein) was carried out to evaluate the use of spent millet, from Burukutu production in Clarias gariepinus diets in place of normal Corn. Growth performance was compared against a control diet formulated to have similar composition to a typical commercial diet. 10 experimental diets replaced successively 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% of the Corn carbohydrate with Spent millet from locally fermented drink, Burukutu.. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. A relatively good growth performance and nutrient utilization by Clarias gariepinus fed the test diets were observed. However, the results showed significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gain, SGR, FCR and RGR between treatments, with the control performing best. The result also showed that survival rate was high in all the treatment which indicate that, spent millet from burukutu production has no adverse effect on the experimented fish. Based on this research, it wasconcluded that 50% of the corn carbohydrate in a typicalcommercial diet could be replaced with spent grain (millet) from locally fermented drink (BKT) withno adverse effect on growth and feed utilization for Clarias gariepinus.

The present work was conducted to study the physicochemical parameters of lower River Niger at Lokoja and Ajaokuta local government area of Kogi state, with the aims to determine the physical and chemical situation of the River at this point in time, compare the physical and chemical situation of the river with earlier work done on River Niger and other relevant water bodies by relevant authors also to determine its suitability for fish growth and survival at this point in time. Water samples were collected for four month (January to April) at three sampling site (two site from Lokoja and one from Ajaokuta local government area) and analysed for various physicochemical parameter. The mean temperature values ranged from 23.55 - 28.350C at Kpata station, 24.65- 29.750C at Adankolo station and 23.90-28.900C at Gadumo station. The mean pH values ranged from 6.69-8.15 at Kpata station, 6.60-8.30 at Adankolo station and 6.10-8.20 at Gadumo station. The mean electrical conductivity values ranged from 68.50-135.50µS/cm at Kpata station, 68.00-122.50 µS/cm at Adankolo station and 68.00-122.50 µS/cm at Gadumo station. The mean dissolved oxygen (DO) values ranged from 6.10-9.30 mg/l at Kpata station, 5.65-7.78 mg/l at Adankolo station and 6.10-9.30 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean transparency values ranged from 0.31-0.60m at Kpata station, 0.31-0.60m at Adankolo station and 0.30-0.44m at Gadumo station. The mean biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranged from 2.10-2.95 mg/l at Kpata station, 2.05-3.25 mg/l at Adankolo station and 2.10-4.00 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean nitrate values ranged from 0.02-0.05 mg/l at Kpata station, 0.02-0.03 mg/l at Adankolo station and 0.02-0.04 mg/l at Gadumo station. The mean phosphate values ranged from 0.48-0.61 mg/l at Kpata station, 0.51-0.65 mg/l at Adankolo station and 0.49-0.64 mg/l at Gadumo station. The study indicated that the mean value of the studied parameters which include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, transparency and phosphate of the River compares slightly favourably with the work of other researchers and within the range that support fish growth and survival. This indicates that the river is in a healthy state and is favourable for fish growth and survival. Keywords: physiochemical parameter, water, river Niger, fish growth

Study on the proximate a composition of flesh and other body parts of Clarias gariepinus and scomber scombrus was carried out in January, 2020 using standard procedures. For Clarias gariepinus the highest protein (25.69%) was observed in the head, followed by flesh (21.70%) and while the lowest protein (18.61%) was discovered in the bone. Highest fats (3.61%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (2.25) while (0.80%) recorded in the fins as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.87%) was observed in head followed by (1.72) in the bone. The lowest fibre (0.60%) was reported in the flesh. The highest ash (22.03%) was recorded in fins, followed by bone (19.83%) while the lowest (1.30%) was discovered in the flesh. The highest moisture (75.76%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by fins (73.23) while the lowest (56.48%) was observed in the head. For scomber scombrusthe highest protein (29.44%) was observed in the head, followed by bone (28.40%) and while the lowest protein (24.30%) was discovered in the flesh. Highest fats (6.42%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (1.48%) while (0.95%) recorded in the bone as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.11%) was observed in fin followed by (0.69%) in the flesh. The lowest fibre (0.59%) was reported in the head. The highest ash (6.37%) was recorded in head, followed by bone (5.07%) while the lowest (0.33%) was discovered in the flesh .The highest moisture (68.68%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (66.56%) while the lowest (37.20%) was observed in the fin. .The highest carbohydrate (5.58%) was recorded in the bone, followed by fin (5.28%). The study showed that the best body parts in terms protein content of the two fish samples were the head. The Head has the highest crude protein content thus it can be recommended as a possible effective ways to solve protein malnutrition Keywords: proximate, Scomber scombrus, Clarias gariepinus, head, flesh, fins, bones