K. Damon Aiken's research while affiliated with California State University, Chico and other places

... Holding connotes greater levels of felt-safety, self-regulation, and distribution of risk across products (Magnusen, et al., 2012). To hold an athlete or team is to maintain a fan's internal, PIT self-image as well as to project a fan's external SIT self to others (Aiken, et al., 2021). Holding connotes loyalty, and felt-loyalty can bring about improved internal and social perceptions (Campbell, Aiken, and Kent, 2004). ...

... The reasons and motivations for buying sport products are numerous. Fans hold strong PIT-desires for vicarious achievement (Aiken et al., 2020;Kwon, Trail, and Lee, 2008;), as well as SIT-desires for associations with winners (Chang and Wann, 2022;Kim and Trail, 2010). They want to be part of a successful in-group (Bednall, et al., 2012). ...

... In the context of sport, it has been demonstrated that older fans tend to be more "old school" than younger ones. That is, older fans tend to place more emphasis on playing for love of the game rather than for material gain and give priority to the process of how a sport is played rather than the product of winning (Aiken et al., 2010;Sukhdial et al., 2002). Moreover, Rainey et al. (2009) found that older fans were less likely to report disappointment in response to poor team outcomes. ...

... The impact on players also depends on the players themselves, but fans may directly affect a player's self-image and, consequently, the player's professional performance (Heaton and Sigall, 1991). Fans' interest in and commitment to their team also drives a hunger for information related to the team and its players, and anything surrounding them (Aiken et al., 2018). As a result, sports media have become one of the most popular, significant, and influence sectors of the media industry (Tamir and Lehman-Wilzig, 2023). ...

... Development of such a program requires recognition of the significance of different knowledge structures and practice of learning in different contexts and how they interrelate [6]. It is supported by contemporary theories such as threshold concepts, semantic gravity [7], student-as-producer (e.g. [8]), and meaningful learning [9]. ...

... Students' engagement has been defined as a psychological process that represents both (1) the time and energy students invest in educationally purposeful activities and (2) the effort institutions devote to using effective educational practices (Kuh, 2001;Marks, 2000). Students usually learn more and are more satisfied toward courses and educational experiences when they are engaged (Aiken, Heinze, Meuter, & Chapman, 2017;Eastman, Iyer, & Eastman, 2011;Taylor, Hunter, Melton, & Goodwin, 2011); for instance, when they are involved and participate in the class discussion and group work (e.g., Finn, 1993). ...

... 8 Marketing researchers Damon Aiken, Richard Campbell, and Eric Koch suggested that American sports teams have branded themselves as extensions of the locality's personality and sociologist Marci Cottingham argued that these marketing campaigns had consequences beyond simply extracting money from the pockets of consumers because of the meaningful fan-produced ritual outside of stadia that impacted on momentous life occasions such as that of marriage and death. 9 Communication researcher Gene Burd analysed the city-team branding concept concluding that the photojournalist and architect create and cement a 'city of the mind', which constructs a fictional world of shared experience for fans with players and a false sense of belongingness. 10 Given the significance of these commentaries, more research is needed to extend this discussion by examining a previously neglected sporting imagined community. Through the use of a prosopographical database compiled from nearly two thousand newspaper obituaries an interrogation of the historical relationship between a local franchise and its community reveals the power of a manufactured imagined community in sport and suggests local obituaries of the 'Spurs Family' serve as a cultural and social mirror of the city of San Antonio and offer a window into how an allegiance to an imagined community of fandom in sport is sustained over time while also highlighting how significant female membership challenges traditional notions of sport spectatorship being maledominated. ...

... This study's problem backdrop may be divided into three components. The first section is on the lack of usage of social media for engagement with consideration of relevant constructivism theory and the TAM (Haq & Chand, 2012;Nemetz et al., 2012). Haq and Chand (2012) stated that students at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, agreed that using social media negatively affected their education at a rate of 61%, while 39% students agreed that using social media positively affected their learning. ...

... transparency in the process. Aiken et al. (2016) further argue that the process for developing a course at the university needs to prioritise student ownership, and help students to engage in their educational contexts while also learning how to self-monitor. This process has a flow on impact that will make it easier for students to participate in higher education courses, thus possibly also increasing student retention. ...

... More holistic research on CSR authenticity and CSR motives including self-serving or economic motive, altruistic or philanthropic motive, and/ or strategic or competitive motive (Acharyya & Agarwala, 2022;Graafland, 2013), is recommended, expending from our research. Another future research stream can include studies on CSR engagement and external assessment ratings judged by third parties, including quality badges and trustmarks (Aiken, Shin, & Pascal, 2014). For example, Moody's has recently started to assign firms with CSR impact scores and Thomson Reuters routinely reports on qualities of firms' CSR engagements for investors (Moody's, n.d.; Thomas Reuters, 2022). ...