Julian Tejera De Leon’s research while affiliated with Mohammed V University and other places
What is this page?
This page lists works of an author who doesn't have a ResearchGate profile or hasn't added the works to their profile yet. It is automatically generated from public (personal) data to further our legitimate goal of comprehensive and accurate scientific recordkeeping. If you are this author and want this page removed, please let us know.
An interdisciplinary archaeometric study concerning the
Amtoudi Agadir, declared World Cultural Heritage (northern border
of the Sahara Desert, southern Morocco), was performed consisting
in lithostratigraphic reconstruction of the bedrock, diagnosis of constitutivematerials (stones, mortars, and wooden elements), and
analyses of constructive techniques and architectonic elements
(load-bearing and supported structural elements). The medieval
agadir (fortified granary) was built directly on a rocky piton with
rocks of the substratum with traditional materials and ancestral
techniques. The stones have been identified and classified into four
petrofacies. Degradation such as biological attacks, chromatic alteration, erosion, exfoliation, and fissuration on the stones have been
characterized. Recommendations for conservation and maintenance
of the rocks have been proposed in compatibility with the environment. Load-bearing (masonry walls) and supported structural elements (ceiling structures) have also been studied in order to define
their stability. Worst cases of 1- and 2-height walls, together with
worst cases of the wooden or stone ceiling structures have been
analyzed. Materials, techniques, and dimensions have been characterizedfor possible failures to shearing, bending, and flexural buckling as guide for maintenance of the agadir. The main problems of the walls derive from excessively thin construction with a lack of interlockingof the rocks and a diminished proportion or quality of
mortar joining the rocks due to washing. It has been recommended
to avoid thicknesses lower than 0.4 m for 2-height walls and lower
than 0.3 m for 1-height walls. A nominal load has been estimated
in the worst case (with wooden elements) for the ceiling structures
of about 7.0 KN/m2. The calculations have indicated that a 25%
increase over the nominal load would imply a risk of failure, the use
of stone elements being preferable over wooden ones. With these
propositions for the Amtoudi Agadir, new management and prospects
for cultural tourism are feasible.
A hydrological-economic model is introduced to describe the dynamics of groundwater-dependent economics (agriculture and tourism) for sustainable use in sparse-data drylands. The Amtoudi Oasis, a remote area in southern Morocco, in the northern Sahara attractive for tourism and with evidence of groundwater degradation, was chosen to show the model operation. Governing system variables were identified and put into action through System Dynamics (SD) modeling causal diagrams to program basic formulations into a model having two modules coupled by the nexus 'pumping': (1) the hydrological module represents the net groundwater balance (G) dynamics; and (2) the economic module reproduces the variation in the consumers of water, both the population and tourists. The model was operated under similar influx of tourists and different scenarios of water availability, such as the wet 2009-2010 and the average 2010-2011 hydrological years. The rise in international tourism is identified as the main driving force reducing emigration and introducing new social habits in the population, in particular concerning water consumption. Urban water allotment (PU) was doubled for less than a 100-inhabitant net increase in recent decades. The water allocation for agriculture (PI), the largest consumer of water, had remained constant for decades. Despite that the 2-year monitoring period is not long enough to draw long-term conclusions, groundwater imbalance was reflected by net aquifer recharge (R) less than PI+PU (G<0) in the average year 2010-2011, with net lateral inflow from adjacent Cambrian formations being the largest recharge component. R is expected to be much less than PI+PU in recurrent dry spells. Some low-technology actions are tentatively proposed to mitigate groundwater degradation, such as: wastewater capture, treatment, and reuse for irrigation; storm-water harvesting for irrigation; and active maintenance of the irrigation system to improve its efficiency.
L’ouvrage «Rabat : géodiversité et patrimoine socioculturel», apparaît à point nommé au moment où le Comité du patrimoine mondial, réuni à Saint-Pétersbourg (Russie), a décidé à l'unanimité, le vendredi 29/06/2012, d'inscrire le site "Rabat, capitale moderne et ville historique: un patrimoine en partage" sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial, parrainée par l'UNESCO.
L’histoire de la ville de Rabat, de son passé, de son architecture, de ses monuments, est l’histoire diachronique d’un lieu singulier porteur d’une passion partagée. Avec Salé, sa sœur jumelle, et l’ensemble de sa région, Rabat possède un patrimoine historique et culturel remarquable qui n’a pas cessé de s’enrichir depuis la nuit des temps. On trouve dans des cavernes le long de la côte atlantique des traces préhistoriques représentées par des vestiges des premiers Hommes modernes. Des restes de civilisations anciennes bâties par les Phéniciens, les Carthaginois, les Romains et plus tard par les Arabes sont visibles dans plusieurs sites de la ville. La ville de Rabat intègre en son sein une quantité importante d’éléments monumentaux, architecturaux et décoratifs issus des différentes dynasties qui se sont succédées (Almoravides, Almohades, Mérinides et Alaouites).
Les premières constructions de la ville ancienne ont démarré d’abord sur la rive droite de l’embouchure de l’oued Bou Regreg ; des populations andalouses musulmanes construisirent « Salé le vieux ». Ensuite, en face de l’océan atlantique, sur une haute falaise qui surplombe l’embouchure de Bou Regreg, fut édifié en 1150 par le Sultan Abd-El-Moumen, fondateur de la dynastie almohade, un « ribat » ou une forteresse, lieu de rassemblement des combattants de la foi et point d’étape dans l’épopée almohade pour la conquête de l’Andalousie. Son petit-fils, Yacoub El Mansour, héritier d'un empire allant de la Castille à Tripoli, allait projeter une cité grandiose, couvrant plus de quatre cents hectares, entourée d’une enceinte de murailles imposantes, percées de portes monumentales et dotée d'une mosquée gigantesque, la mosquée « Hassan », restée inachevée, mais qui eût été l'un des plus grands sanctuaires du monde musulman. Les remparts et les portes monumentales de l'époque témoignent aujourd'hui encore de l'ampleur de la ville almohade. Après la reconquête chrétienne, les Moriscos chassés de l’Andalousie trouvèrent asile dans le site de l’ancien « ribat » almohade et dans son voisinage dès le XVIIème siècle. Pour leur protection, ils s’établirent dans la partie nord-ouest de l’enceinte almohade, et la délimitèrent par une nouvelle enceinte, la muraille andalouse. Pendant quelques dizaines d'années, Rabat, alors connue de l'Europe sous le nom de « Salé le neuf », surnommée par la suite Kasbah des Oudayas, fut le siège d'une petite république maritime, la République du Bou Regreg, jusqu'à l'avènement des Alaouites qui s'emparèrent de l'estuaire en 1666. A partir du milieu du XIXème siècle, la ville de Rabat entamera une évolution qui va aboutir à la configuration qu’on lui connaît aujourd’hui.
Le parcours historique de la construction de la ville de Rabat lui impose une spécificité culturelle et architecturale qui est le résultat d’un brassage, au cours de son histoire, de populations et d’ethnies différentes qui ont laissé des traces physiques à travers un riche patrimoine historique, et surtout des traces immatérielles qui se manifestent dans les coutumes et comportements de sa population. La ville de Rabat représente ainsi un véritable creuset de civilisations riches et variées.
Les auteurs de l’ouvrage «Rabat : géodiversité et patrimoine socioculturel» ont su d’abord magnifiquement bien résumer l’épopée historique de la ville de Rabat. La description du cadre environnemental, du contexte géologique, du l’aléa sismique et des ressources en géomatériaux nous renseigne ensuite sur la fragilité du patrimoine de cette belle cité, et sur la nécessité de sa sauvegarde. Les facteurs de dégradation des monuments historiques ont été très bien décrits et des tests de restauration ont été proposés. Cet ouvrage est le résultat de travaux minutieux réalisés par dix enseignants-chercheurs, conscients de l’importance de cet héritage culturel et de son partage, forts de leurs expériences et de leurs compétences scientifiques, chacun dans son domaine. Les auteurs de cet ouvrage ont mené un travail de recherche et d’investigation de qualité qui a abouti à une étude complète, digne d’intérêt et riche de résultats et d’apports scientifiques. L’ensemble de l’ouvrage est présenté sous forme d’une série d’articles rédigés dans une excellente facture, agréable à lire et reflète une pensée scientifique claire destinée aux décideurs locaux et au grand public pour les sensibiliser aux menaces qui pèsent sur le patrimoine architectural de la ville, et pour proposer quelques solutions pour le préserver et le sauvegarder. Le tout est présenté dans un document scientifique d’excellente facture ; il apporte le savoir utile et la connaissance nécessaire permettant d’assurer la restauration et la conservation du patrimoine de la ville de Rabat.
Structuré en six parties, l’ouvrage présente d’une manière synthétique, mais bien soignée, toutes les données issues des observations et des investigations réalisées, selon un plan logique, et présentant quelques interprétations et conclusions. Basé sur une recherche bibliographique particulièrement riche et profonde, ce travail montre les qualités d’érudition et d’investigation des auteurs qui ont su brasser une multitude de disciplines scientifiques (stratigraphie, tectonique, minéralogie, pétrographie, géographie humaine, géophysique, géotechnique, sismologie, géomorphologie, architecture, littérature, climatologie…) pour nous présenter un ouvrage multidisciplinaire qui converge vers un but primordial déclaré : celui de l’étude et la sauvegarde de la richesse monumentale de la ville impériale de Rabat.
Cet ouvrage contribuera sans aucun doute au développement des connaissances académiques et constituera certainement une référence pour tout scientifique qui s’intéresse à la civilisation du monde arabo-musulman et pour tout chercheur qui travaille sur l’histoire de la ville de Rabat, ainsi que pour tout citoyen défenseur de la sauvegarde des monuments et des sites historiques ayant le souci de préserver le patrimoine national et d’élargir son rayonnement au niveau international.
The Kasbahs of Chellah and Oudayas (world cultural heritage) are the most important archaeological Roman and Islamic sites of the imperial city Rabat (Morocco). Submitted to natural hazards and environmental aggressions, these monuments have undergone marked degradation, visible on all sides.
An interdisciplinary analysis involving different geological disciplines and environmental factors was performed to introduce an innovative restoration method intended to reduce their progressive degradation.
Gravitational instability (e.g. Oudayas) and erosion (e.g. Chellah) from fluvial-littoral geomorphological processes, regional seismicity, and certain anthropic activities are the main degradation processes to be reduced by following the proposed recommendations.
Our studies have evidenced that the ancient Phoenician building techniques, still applied for reconstruction and preservation, result in the rapid and recurring deterioration of the old walls. Materials used to construct the Oudayas and Chellah walls consist of the calcarenite (or «Salé stone» from quarries near Rabat), mainly with bad geomechanical properties used in outdoor building. Hydrated lime mixtures, and the hydrated lime:water ratio, of mortars also have bad quality. The urban water quality to be used for restoration may require the application of special cements and mortars for restoration.
A most satisfactory restoration-test was performed (Chellah, July 2006), taking into account our new analytical data. This method may be applicable to restoring the old Almohade and Oudayas walls (more than 10.5 km in Rabat), in order to reduce the alteration and degradation processes which systematically strike the archaeological sites of Chellah and Oudayas.
The Kasbahs of Chellah and Oudayas (world cultural heritage) are the most important archaeological Roman and Islamic sites of the imperial city Rabat (Morocco). Submitted to natural hazards and environmental aggressions, these monuments have undergone marked degradation, visible on all sides. An interdisciplinary analysis involving different geological disciplines and environmental factors was performed to introduce an innovative restoration method intended to reduce their progressive degradation. Gravitational instability (e.g. Oudayas) and erosion (e.g. Chellah) from fluvial-littoral geomorphological processes, regional seismicity, and certain anthropic activities are the main degradation processes to be reduced by following the proposed recommendations. Our studies have evidenced that the ancient Phoenician building techniques, still applied for reconstruction and preservation, result in the rapid and recurring deterioration of the old walls. Materials used to construct the Oudayas and Chellah walls consist of the calcarenite (or «Salé stone» from quarries near Rabat), mainly with bad geome-chanical properties used in outdoor building. Hydrated lime mixtures, and the hydrated lime:water ratio, of mortars also have bad quality. The urban water quality to be used for restoration may require the application of special cements and mortars for restoration. A most satisfactory restoration-test was performed (Chellah, July 2006), taking into account our new analytical data. This method may be applicable to restoring the old Almohade and Oudayas walls (more than 10.5 km in Rabat), in order to reduce the alteration and degradation processes which systematically strike the archaeological sites of Chellah and Oudayas. RIASSUNTO Processi di deterioramento dei siti archeologici di Chellah e degli Oudayas (patrimonio culturale dell'umanità, Rabat, Marocco): test di restauro e suggerimenti. La Casbah di Chellah e quella degli Oudayas (patrimonio cultu-rale dell'umanità) sono i siti archeologici romani e islamici più im-portanti della città imperiale di Rabat (Marocco) e rappresentano la memoria vivente delle civiltà che hanno segnato l'evoluzione cultura-le della storia del nord Africa. Questi monumenti, sottoposti a rischi naturali e a fattori am-bientali negativi, hanno subito una marcata e diffusa degradazione e costituiscono l'oggetto principale di questo studio interdisciplinare. Attraverso differenti analisi (geologiche e geomorfologiche, am-bientali, tecniche costruttive, geotecniche, sismiche, archeometriche, antropiche e biologiche) lo studio mira ad identificare le cause dei principali processi d'alterazione e degradazione anche attraverso un test di restauro e a fornire più efficaci metodi di conservazione. Le analisi geologhe e geomorfologiche hanno evidenziato due rischi principali derivanti da processi fluvio-litorali e dall'attività antro-pica: (a) instabilità gravitazionale (es. Oudayas), (b) processi erosivi (es. Chellah). Le analisi geotecniche e archeometriche hanno permesso l'identifi-cazione dei differenti materiali (calcarenite, fanghi, sabbie, mattoni grezzi e calci idrate usate come cemento) utilizzati nella costruzione di questi monumenti. La calcarenite (o pietra di «Salé»), proveniente dalle cave situate tra Salé e Medhia (a nord di Rabat) e dalle vallate dei Fiumi Akrech e Ykem, è stata spesso utilizzata nella costruzione dei siti archeo-logici. In realtà, essa presenta una debolissima resistenza alla compres-sione uniassiale, un'elevata porosità e un alto potere di assorbimento dell'acqua, caratteristiche assai sfavorevoli per un suo uso esterno. È sta-ta inoltre evidenziata una inadeguata qualità della calce idrata e un catti-vo dosaggio delle miscele soprattutto nel rapporto calce idrata/acqua. Le originarie tecniche costruttive delle muraglie (ispirate ad an-tiche procedure Fenicie) utilizzavano, soprattutto, calce, frammenti di mattoni grezzi e pietre, e vengono impiegate ancora oggi per la ricostruzione e conservazione di questi monumenti ma, come questo studio ha evidenziato, non costituiscono la soluzione migliore per arginarne il rapido e periodico deterioramento. Anche la sismicità storica dell'area di Rabat rappresenta un ri-schio effettivo e per ridurre la vulnerabilità di questo enorme patri-monio culturale sono ancora necessari studi specifici ed iniziative tecniche di particolare rilevanza. Sulla base dei dati analitici raccolti è stato effettuato un test di restauro in un'area limitata del muro esterno di Chellah (luglio 2006) il cui risultato, dopo diversi controlli nel tempo, si può ritenere posi-tivo. Esso consiste: (a) in una preliminare ripulitura e umidificazio-ne del muro da restaurare; (b) nella selezione della qualità della cal-ce idrata e nell'adeguato dosaggio delle miscele dei componenti scelti opportunamente; (c) nel controllo del rapporto calce idrata/ac-qua; (d) nel parziale riempimento del volume mancante con mattoni Ital. Queste bozze, corrette e accompagnate dall'al-legato preventivo firmato e dal buono d'ordine, debbono essere restituite immediatamente alla Segreteria della Società Geologica Italiana c/o Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185 ROMA forati sostenuti da aste di acciaio galvanizzato, allineate, regolar-mente spaziate e ben ancorate al muro; (e) nell'applicazione accura-ta dell'impasto sino al riempimento completo. Si ritiene che questo metodo possa essere efficacemente speri-mentato anche per il restauro di altre muraglie (Almohade e Chellah) che si estendono nel tessuto cittadino per oltre 10,5 km. Sono stati forniti, infine, alcuni suggerimenti per ridurre i pro-cessi di alterazione e di degrado più ricorrenti che colpiscono i siti archeologici studiati. TERMINI CHIAVE: Aiti archeologici, Rabat, Marocco, analisi interdisciplinare, processi di alterazione, rischi di degra-dazione, test di restauro, suggerimenti.
Citations (3)
... Meanwhile, most of the new plants that the PWNOW is projecting will continue to use secondary treatment through lagooning with forced aeration at most. In Rabat, the consequences of the inadequately treated wastewater spills reaching aquifers comprise a rising groundwater level and the deterioration of the foundations of some world cultural heritage monuments [72]. treatment technology to meet international standards is not unaffordable, but the current immature, permissive regulations of these countries may limit its implementation. ...
... Given their unique oasis ecosystem characteristics, the regions of Zagora, Marrakesh, and Errachidia were selected for this study. Oases, characterised by a delicate blend of climatic conditions, limited water resources, and specific agricultural practices, foster distinctive ecosystems in which soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in biogeochemical processes [11]. The climatic diversity of Zagora, Errachidia, and Marrakesh, ranging from desert to semi-arid, provides varied environmental conditions that influence microbial community diversity [12]. ...
... Nonetheless, the issue of degradation of these important landmarks persists. Several kinds of research are being conducted in this context to raise awareness of the need for multidisciplinary interventions and develop nondestructive analytical methods and tests suitable for studies of architectural heritage materials (Bellitir et al., 1998;Zaouia et al., 2005;Asebriy et al., 2009;Samaouali et al., 2010;Hraita et al., 2014;Benharbit, 2017;Rahmouni et al., 2017;El Rhaffari et al., 2018;Benavente et al., 2022). ...