Jui-Teng Lin's research while affiliated with New Taipei City Hospital and other places
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Publications (89)
Purpose: To update the accommodation mechanisms and propose a dual-wavelength, dual-function laser system for presbyopia and glaucoma treatments. Study Design: Laser sclera softening (LSS) for increased accommodation of presbyopic eyes. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between Jan., 2023 and Feb., 2023. Methodology: Accommodati...
The kinetics and the conversion features of two 3-component systems (A/B/N), based on the proposed new kinetic schemes of Mokbel and Mau et al, in which a visible LED is used to excite a copper complex to its excited triplet state (G*). The coupling of G* with iodonium salt and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB) produces both free radical polyme...
Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas and proposed protocol for accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes via laser scleral softening, which causes increased space between ciliary body and lens (SCL) and mobility of the posterior vitreal zonules (PVZ). Study Design: To increase the accommodation of presbyopia by laser scleral heating/softeni...
Purpose: To derive and provide, for the first time, comprehensive analytic formulas for scleral softening volume efficacy (SVE) for accommodative gain (AG) via the increased space between ciliary body and lens (SCL) and mobility of the posterior vitreous zonules (PVZ). Study Design: To increase the AG of presbyopic eye by a new procedure, laser scl...
Purpose: To analyze the safety and efficacy of corneal photovitrification (CPV) for improved visions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes. Study Design: Using CPV for improved visions of AMD eyes. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, and Austin, TX, USA; between April, 2022 and June, 2022. Methodology: The CPV efficacy is...
The synergistic features of a three-component, photoinitiating system (A/B/C) based on the measured data and proposed mechanism of Liu et al. are analyzed. The co-initiators/additives B and C have dual-functions of : (i) regeneration of photoinitiator A, and (ii) generation of extra radicals for enhanced conversion efficacy (CE). The synergistic ef...
This article presents, for the first time, the efficacy and curing depth analysis of photo-thermal dual polymerization in metal (Fe) polymer composites for 3D printing of a three-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group, in which the co initiators A and B are Irgacure-369 and charge–transfer complexes (CTC), respectivel...
This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general conversion features of a 3-component system, benzophenone–triphenylamine(BT)/iodonium/Amine, based on proposed mechanism of Liu et al., for both free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylates and the free radical promoted cationic polymerization (CP) of epoxides using the new m...
This article presents, for the first time, the efficacy and curing depth analysis of photo-thermal dual polymerization in metal (Fe) polymer composites for 3D printing of a 3-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group, in which the co initiators A and B are Irgacure-369, and charge-transfer complexes (CTC), respectively;...
This article presents, for the first time, the efficacy and curing depth analysis of photo-thermal dual polymerization in metal (Fe) polymer composites for 3D printing of a 3-component (A/B/M) system based on the proposed mechanism of our group, in which the co initiators A and B are Irgacure-369, and charge-transfer complexes (CTC), respectively;...
Purpose: To analyze the factors influencing the corneal crosslinking (CXL) efficacy and comparison of epi-on and epi-off procedures. Study Design: modeling the efficacy of epi-off and epi-on CXL. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between November, 2021 and December, 2021. Methodology: Solving the rate equations for the CXL effic...
Purpose: To explore (theoretically) the key parameters and their influence on the time profiles of photosensitizer (riboflavin), free radicals, singlet oxygen, oxygen and the efficacy of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in both type-I and oxygen-mediated type-II mechanisms, specially the role of oxygen and the initiator regeneration. Study Desig...
This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general features of a photopolymerization system (under visible light), copper-complex/Iodonium/triethylamine/gold-chloride (orA/B/N/G), with initial concentrations of A0, B0, N0 and G0, based on the proposed mechanism of Tar et al. Analytic formulas were developed to explore the new f...
Purpose:To explore (theoretically) the key parameters and their influence on the time profiles of photosensitizer (riboflavin), free radicals, singlet oxygen, oxygen and the efficacy of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL)in both type-I and oxygen-mediated type-II mechanisms, specially the role of oxygen and the initiator regeneration. Methodology:C...
Aims: To resolve the controversial issues of UV-light-initiated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) by theoretical formulas and measured clinical outcomes. Study Design: Analysis and measured data of CXL. Place and Duration of Study: New Vision Inc, Taipei, between June 2021 and August 2021. Methodology: The controversial issues are addressed and...
To resolve the controversial issues of UV-light-initiatedcornealcollagen cross-linking (CXL) by theoretical formulas and measured clinical outcomes. The controversial issues are addressed and resolved by analytical formulas including: the validation of Bunsen Roscoe law (BRL), the cutoff light intensity, the minimum corneal thickness, the demarcati...
Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas for an accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes. via sclera ablation and/or thermal shrinkage such that the lens is reshaped and/or its position is shifted. New mechanisms are also proposed. Study Design: To increase the accommodation of presbyopia. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan,...
Purpose: To update and review the technology and principles of laser presbyopia reversal (LAPR) via sclera ablation and thermal shrinkage using infrared and UV lasers. Recent clinical data and new methods are also summarized. Study Design: LAPR using laser sclera ablation for increased accommodation of presbyopic eyes. Place and Duration of Study:...
Purpose: To update and derive formulas for the efficacy and kinetics of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) including both type-I and oxygen-mediated type-II mechanisms, the role of oxygen, the initiator regeneration, safety dose, minimum corneal thickness and demarcation line depth. Study Design: Modeling the kinetics of CXL in UV light and using...
Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas for accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes. via sclera ablation and/or thermal shrinkage such that lens is reshaped an/or its positon is shifted. New mechanisms are also proposed. Study Design: To increased accommodation of presbyopia. Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between June...
The synergic features and enhancing strategies for various photopolymerization systems are reviewed by kinetic schemes and the associated measurements. The important topics include (i) photo crosslinking of corneas for the treatment of corneal diseases using UVA-light (365 nm) light and riboflavin as the photosensitizer; (ii) synergic effects by a...
Aims:To update analytic formulas for the overall efficacy of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) including both type-I and oxygen-mediated type-II mechanisms, the role of oxygen and the initiator regeneration. Study Design:modeling the kinetics of CXL in UV light and using riboflavin as the photosensitizer.Place and Duration of Study:New Taipei Cit...
This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general conversion features of free radical polymerization (FRP) in a 3-component system (A/B/N), with [A] being the initiator, and [B] and [N] are additives, based on the proposed mechanism of Rahal et al. Higher FRP can be achieved by additives [B] and [N], via the dual function of (...
The synergetic features of a three-component photoinitiating systems(A/B/C) based on the measured data and proposed mechanism of Liu et al are analyzed. The co-initiators/additivesB and C have dual-functions of : (i) regeneration of photoinitiator A, and (ii) generation of extra radicals for enhanced conversion efficacy (CE), the synergic effects l...
This article presents, for the first time, comprehensive model based on the proposed mechanism of Rahal et al [17], Bonardi {20], Tar et al [20], and Mau et al [24], for 3-component systems of G1/Iod/EDB, G1/Iod/amine (in gold chloride), and Iod/Benzoic/Borate (for reduced oxygen inhibition) for the hybri free radical (FRP) and cationic (CP) photop...
. This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general conversion features of a 3-component system (A/B/N), based on proposed mechanism of Mau et al, for both free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylates and the free radical promoted cationic polymerization (CP) of epoxides using various new copper complex (G2) as the initiator...
This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general conversion features of a 3-component system, BT(BC)/iodonium/Amine, based on proposed mechanism of Liu et al, for both free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylates and the free radical promoted cationic polymerization (CP) of epoxides using the new multi-functional initiator...
. This article presents, for the first time, the kinetics and the general features of a photopolymerization system (under visible light) G1/ Iodonium/ TEA/gold chloride (or A/B/N/G), having initial concentrations of A0, B0, N0 and G0, based on the proposed mechanism of Tar et al. Analytic formulas are developed to explore the new features including...
The kinetics for a 3-component (initiators) photopolymerization system is presented for both numerical solutions and analytic formulas. The dynamic profiles are simulated for oxygen, free radical, and conversion for various concentrations of the co-initiator. The measured system reported by Kirschner et al. showed that conversion could be improved...
This paper presents the original design of a set of coumarin derivatives (CoumC1-CoumC13). First, these structures were in-silico designed by molecular modelling to ensure both excellent light absorption properties and high potential photoreactivity (high excited state energy). As a striking result of this in-silico design, 8 of the 13 proposed cou...
For the first time, this study presents the detailed kinetics, and modeling the conversion efficacy associated with the experimental results of Bonardi et al. The dual function of the enhancer additive includes: (i) regenerating the photoinitiator, and (ii) producing extra reactive radical. The temporal profiles of the concentration of each of the...
Detailed kinetics for a 3-wavelength photopolymerization confinement (PC) system is presented for both numerical solutions and analytic formulas. The dynamic profiles of oxygen, free radicals, and monomer conversion for various situations of: blue-light only, 2-light (red and UV), and 3-light (red, blue, UV) are obtained. Higher oxygen concentratio...
A novel strategy for red‐light‐controlled oxygen inhibition for improved UV‐light‐initiated monomer conversion is theoretically presented for the first time. The dual‐wavelength kinetic equations are derived, numerically and analytically solved for the oxygen and photoinitiator concentration profiles. The UV‐light‐initiated Type I conversion effica...
The dynamic roles of photosensitizer (PS) concentration and light intensity were measured and analyzed. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cell viability (CV) are measured (in vitro) and analyzed by analytic and numerical modeling. For a fixed PS concentration, CV is a nonlinear deceasing function of light intensity and exposure time; f...
Kinetic equations for a modeling system with type-I radical-mediated and type-II oxygen-mediated pathways are derived and numerically solved for the photopolymerization efficacy and curing depth, under the quasi-steady state assumption, and bimolecular termination. We show that photopolymerization efficacy is an increasing function of photosensitiz...
The kinetics and modeling of dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC) are presented and measured data are analyzed by analytic formulas and numerical data. The UV-light initiated inhibition effect is strongly monomer-dependent due to different C=C bond rate constants and conversion efficacies. Without the UV-lig...
Detailed kinetics for a 3-wavelength photopolymerization confinement (PC) system is presented for both numerical solutions and analytic formulas. The dynamic profiles are simulated for oxygen, free radical, and conversion for various situations of: blue-light only, 2-light (red and UV), and 3-light (red, blue, UV). An effective PC requires two cond...
The kinetics and modeling of dual-wavelength controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC) are presented and measured data are analyzed by analytic formulas and numerical data. The UV-light initiated inhibition effect is strongly monomer-dependent and different monomers have different C=C bond rate constants and conversion efficacy. Without the U...
Kinetics and analytical formulas for radical-mediated thiol-ene photopolymerization were developed in this paper. The conversion efficacy of thiol-ene systems was studied for various propagation to chain transfer kinetic rate-ratio (RK), and thiol-ene concentration molar-ratio (RC). Numerical data were analyzed using analytical formulas and compare...
Aims: To derive kinetic equations and analytic formulas for efficacy enhancement of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in a 2-initiator system. Study Design: Modeling the kinetics of CXL. Place and Duration of Study: Taipei, Taiwan, between between January 2019 to June, 2019. Methodology: Coupled rate equations are derived for two initiators syste...
The multiple regression formulas and correlation of ocular components with refractive errors are presented by Gaussian optics. The refractive error changing rate for the cornea and lens power, the axial length, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) are calculated, including nonlinear terms for more accurate rate functions th...
Optimal conditions for maximum efficacy of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are shown for the crosslink time, crosslink depth, and efficacy function. The roles of photoinitiator (PI) concentration, diffusion depth, and light intensity on the polymerization spatial and temporal profiles are presented for b...
Optimal conditions for maximum efficacy of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are shown for the crosslink time, crosslink depth and efficacy function. The roles of photoinitiator (PI) concentration, diffusion depth and light intensity on the polymerization spatial and temporal profiles, for both uniform and...
The kinetics and efficacy profiles of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. For the same dose, lower light intensity achieves a higher steady-state-efficacy (SSE) in type-I; in contrast, type-II has an equal SSE. Higher light intensity has a faster rising efficacy, due to faster depletion of photoinitiator (PS) concentration. H...
![Fig. 1. The photochemical kinetics, where [S0], [S1] and [T3] are the...](publication/325573453/figure/fig1/AS:634148012191746@1528204076684/The-photochemical-kinetics-where-S0-S1-and-T3-are-the-ground-state-singlet_Q320.jpg)
The kinetics and optimal efficacy conditions of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are derived for the crosslink time, crosslink depth and efficacy function. The roles of photosensitizer (PS) concentration, diffusion depth and light intensity on the polymerization spatial and temporal profiles, for both uni...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT has been widely used in many medical applications. PDT for anti-cancer is one of the clinically important subjects. This study will analyze the photochemical kinetics and the efficacy of anti-cancer via the critical factors including: the concentrations of photosensitizers and oxygen in the treated target, the exposure tim...
![Figure 1 An effective eye model [3] defined by the power of the cornea...](publication/318641106/figure/fig1/AS:523082742931456@1501724052915/An-effective-eye-model-3-defined-by-the-power-of-the-cornea-and-lens-Also-shown-are-the_Q320.jpg)
Aim:
To analyze the clinical factors influencing the human vision corrections via the changing of ocular components of human eye in various applications; and to analyze refractive state via a new effective axial length.
Methods:
An effective eye model was introduced by the ocular components of human eye including refractive indexes, surface radi...
Objective
Analysis of the crosslink time, depth and efficacy profiles of UV-light-activated corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL).
Methods
A modeling system described by a coupled dynamic equations are numerically solved and analytic formulas are derived for the crosslinking time (T*) and crosslinking depth (z*). The z-dependence of the CXL efficacy...
Factors influencing the cancer therapy efficiency in both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanogold particles and photosensitizers, respectively, are analyzed. In PTT, heat diffusion kinetics is used to calculate the temperature increase resulted from the nanogold absorption of light energy, whereas photochemical kine...
Aim:
To analyze the efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) light initiating corneal cross-linking (CXL).
Methods:
The time-dependent absorption of UV light due to the depletion of the initiator (riboflavin) was calculated. The effective dose of CXL with corneal surface covered by a thin layer of riboflavin was derived analytically. The cross linking time...
The kinetics of UV light photoinitiated polymerization system (PPS) with non-uniform initiator concentration is theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are derived for the cross linking time (T*), defined by the depletion level of the initiator, which is an exponentially increasing function of the thickness, whereas it is inverse proportional to...
![Figure 5. Theoretical curves associate to measured data [7].](publication/368155974/figure/fig2/AS:11431281117470682@1675450988096/Theoretical-curves-associate-to-measured-data-7_Q320.jpg)
This study explored the kinetics of ultraviolet (UV) laser photoinitiated polymerization in thick polymer systems to achieve improved polymerization efficiency and uniformity. The modeling system comprised an incident UV laser and its reflecting beam, which was focused by a concave mirror to compensate for the exponential decay in the absorbing med...
The kinetics of near infrared (NIR) laser photothermal initiated and ultraviolet (UV) laser photoinitiated polymerization in thick polymer systems was theoretically presented. A uniform initiator concentration profile as time evolves can be obtained by combining two mechanisms, i.e., the photoinitiation and photothermal initiation. The photoinitiat...
We present a modeling study of photoinitiated polymerization in a thick polymer-absorbing medium using a focused UV laser. Transient profiles of the initiator concentration at various focusing conditions are analyzed to define the polymerization boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrate the optimal focusing conditions that yield more uniform polymeriza...
This study proposes a fast 3D dynamic programming expansion to find a shortest surface in a 3D matrix. This algorithm can detect boundaries in an image sequence. Using phantom image studies with added uniform distributed noise from different SNRs, the unsigned error of this proposed method is investigated. Comparing the automated results to the gol...
This paper presents a normalized transmitted signal (NTS) of a fiber-based sensor using gold nanorods as the plasmon excitation medium of the evanescent wave. The NTS and the refractive index (RI) sensitivity is calculated as a function of the gold aspect ratio (R), the RI of the sensing medium, and a scaling parameter given by the ratio of the fib...
We present a novel pulsed-train near-IR diode laser system with real-time temperature monitoring of the laser-heated cancer cell mixed in gold nanorod solution. Near-IR diode laser at 808 nm matching the gold nanorod absorption peak (with an aspect ratio about 4.0) was used in this study. Both surface and volume temperatures were measured and kept...
A nonlinear theory for the optical properties of gold nanorods at
various aspect ratios is used to calculate the refractive index
sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (M) which is found to be 100 to
1000 nm/RIU and proportional to the aspect ratio (R). Based on Gans
theory, the calculated figure of merit, defined by the ratio of M and
the reson...
Analysis and applications of vision correction via accommodating intraocular lens (AIOL) are presented. By Gaussian optics, analytic formulas for the accommodation rate function (M) for two-optics and three-optics systems are derived and compared with the exact numerical results. In a single-optics AIOL, typical value of M is (0.5-1.5) D∕mm, for an...
Analytic formulas for spherical nanoshell (Au/silica) resonance wavelength and refractive index sensitivity were derived and compared with a numerical nonlinear theory. A universal scaling law was deduced in terms of a normalized thickness defined by the ratio of the shell thickness and its core diameter. The calculated figure of merit shows a maxi...
We describe a color image reconstruction method that enables both direct visualization and direct digital image acquisition from one oral tissue by using various light sources and color compensating filters. In this method, the image of the oral tissue with white light emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue color compensating filter has a larger color di...
This study evaluated the effectiveness of near-infrared laser-excited gold nanorods as the active target to selectively kill the cancer cells. The key parameters of laser and sample to be measured include the absorption coefficient, the laser fluence and irradiation time, and the temperature profiles. The optimal laser operation for the surface and...
A nonlinear theory for the optical properties of gold nanorods is
presented. The refractive index sensitivity of the associated surface
plasmon resonance is calculated to be 100-1000 nm/RIU for the aspect
ratio range of 1-10. According to Gan's theory, the figure of merit,
defined by the refractive index sensitivity divided by the FWHM value of
the...
Citations
... Kích thước này hoàn toàn phù hợp với thông số kỹ thuật của mô tơ JS1105 (bảng 1). Thật vậy, qua kiểm nghiệm thực tế chúng tôi thấy, để dịch chuyển trên 2 trục X, Y một khoảng 2 cm, tín hiệu điều khiển mô tơ JS1105 phải nằm trong khoảng ±2 V. Khi đó, góc quay tương ứng là: 6 Hình 4. Biên dạng các vùng quét của thiết bị laser điều trị vi điểm. ...
... Therefore non-invasive therapeutic methods viz. laser assisted thermo-therapy [2][3][4][5][6][7], focused ultrasound ablation [8][9][10][11][12] deeply-seated tumors which are very challenging to remove completely through surgery. As a minimally invasive therapeutic method, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is widely accepted for clinical treatment of liver, breast, prostate and brain cancer [2] guided by computational prediction [3]. ...
... We have recently developed a thermal modeling for corneal collagen shrinkage for a new procedure called corneal photovitrification (CPV) for vision improvement of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes, by reduced hydration and increase modulus of the treated corneal stroma [10,11]. The above thermal model was also extended for the calculation of scleral softening efficacy which depends on a rate equation for thermal heated tissue, and a rate coefficient given by an Arrhenius formula defined by the temperature rise T(z,t) of the treated tissue [8]. ...
... [238][239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248] A similar easiness of chemical modifications can also be mentioned for carbazole [152,206,207,[249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259] and triphenylamine [260,261], but also for other popular scaffolds for the design of photoinitiators such as naphthalimide, [97,227,228,[262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277] benzophenone, [278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285] acridine-1,8-dione, [286][287][288] pyrene, [289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297] thioxanthones, [298][299][300][301] iridium complexes, [302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309] or copper complexes. [310][311][312][313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327] In these different cases, interesting structure/performance relationship could be established. Due to the presence of phenothiazine, a broader absorption spectrum could be determined for C63, the absorption extending up to 560 nm contrarily to 500 nm for C61 and C62 (See Figure 63). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272806088802307-1442053448056_Q64/Jacques-Lalevee.jpg)
... Review articles for the treatment of presbyopia, including the mechanisms, principles and various surgical systems, have been published [1,2,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], in which Lin [15,16] proposed an invasive presbyopia treatments using a single-wavelength IR diode laser. The present article further updates the technology trend with a proposed novel strategy for improved accommodation using a dual-wavelength laser system. ...
... Intensive research with regard to modeling the curing kinetics and deriving analytical relationships between curing depth and crosslink time, as well as considering the effects of oxygen inhibition and viscosity was conducted by Lin and his co-authors [30,[112][113][114][115][116][117]. For instance, in 2016 Lin et al. [112] proposed a comprehensive mechanistic model for the cure kinetics of photopolymerization in optically thick polymers, providing useful guidance for the parameters selection and optimization for predicting the curing time for various polymer thicknesses in photoinitiated polymerization systems. ...
... This is the reason why after approximately two decades, a wide range of structures have been However, by polymerizing at long wavelengths, photons are also less energetic than UV photons so this issue can only be addressed by developing photoinitiating systems facilely producing initiating species in unfavorable low energetic conditions. This is the reason why after approximately two decades, a wide range of structures have been examined, as exemplified by benzophenones [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], thioxanthones [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58], camphorquinones [59,60], curcumin [61][62][63][64], chromones and flavones [65][66][67], acridine-1,8diones [68][69][70], pyrenes [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], anthracenes [80], carbazoles [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96], benzylidene ketones [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104], cyclohexanones [105][106][107][108], chalcones [20,[109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124], cyanines [125][126][127][128][129][130][131], pushpull dyes [3,4,[132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146], bodipy [43,[147][148][149][150][151], coumarins [152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165], naphthalimides [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184], iodonium salts [43,166,[185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193], perylenes [194][195][196][197], diketopyrrolopyrroles [198], and quinoxalines [199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212], to cite a few. However, in the aforementioned list, if only purely organic dyes have been cited, metal complexes (iridium [213,214], ruthenium [215], copper [216][217][218], iron [219], zinc [220]) or purely inorganic structures (perovskites [221], metal-organic frameworks [222], metal particles [223], quantum dots [224]) can also be cited as photoinitiators of polymerization. ...
... Bonardi et al [21] reported high performance near-Infrared photoinitiating systems in the presence of oxygen. Tar et al [22] reported the novel copper photoredox polymerization for in situ synthesis of metal nanoparticles, and was analyzed by modeling of Lin et al [23]. More recently Mau et al [24] reported the panchromatic (using 455 nm and 530 nm visible LED) of copper complexes photopolymerization. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277690365038594-1443217950348_Q64/Hsia-Wei-Liu.jpg)
... A limitation of the technique could be the reduced amount and inhomogeneous stromal distribution of riboflavin and the epithelial photo-attenuation of the UV photons impact, which should require a further fluence increase, however, the demarcation line [26] detection and the clinical results after a 3 year follow-up showing keratoconus stability and functional results similar of those obtained with EFPL I-CXL seem to minimize this issue [19]. This may be due to the complex kinetic and different pathways of CXL as reported by Lin et al., showing that CXL includes different aerobic and anaerobic pathways so it can also occur in low oxygen environment (Type-I) as well as in an oxygen dependent Type-II pathway [27]. Multiple mixed reactions co-exist in the CXL dynamic, allowing for the enhancement of the anaerobic kinetic by acting directly on the collagen-proteoglycans substrate by increasing the riboflavin concentration to 0.25% and the fluence to 7 Joule/cm 2 , thus increasing the whole kinetic of the Epi-On accelerated methods [19,20,22]. ...
... In recent years, the failure of the outset of Epi-On CXL has prompted researchers to utilize all the gathered clinical experience and deepen their understanding of the physiochemical mechanisms underlying crosslinking kinetics through multiple pathways. It has driven them to implement every small detail to bring the efficacy of transepithelial techniques ever closer to Epi-Off CXL (8). ...
