Juan Echevarria’s research while affiliated with Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and other places

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Publications (62)


Patrones de consumo de alcohol y adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) en pacientes con VIHPatterns of Alcohol Consumption and Adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy(ART) in patients with HIV
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March 2025

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54 Reads

Revista Medica Herediana

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Ana Graña

Objetivo: identificar los patrones de consumo de alcohol asociados a la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) en pacientes con VIH. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en una población de 4000 pacientes mayores de 18 años que recibieron TARV por la Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Prevención y Control de ITS- VIH/SIDA desde el 2004 en un hospital de Lima. El estudio se realizó entre setiembre 2017 y enero 2018. El tamaño muestral fue de 351 pacientes seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se evaluaron los patrones de consumo de alcohol usando prevalencia de consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida, en el último año, en los últimos seis meses, en el último mes y en los últimos siete días. El consumo de riesgo se evaluó con el AUDIT. La adherencia al TARV se evaluó con el Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Se calculó la razón de prevalencia (RP) y se compararon promedios. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia y de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Resultados: El 74% de los pacientes evaluados fueron varones, con 38 años en promedio, el 25% presentó adherencia al TARV. Se encontró asociación entre adherencia al TARV y consumo de alcohol en los últimos seis meses (p = 0,017), así como con consumo de alcohol en el último mes (p = 0,011), con una razón de prevalencia de 1,158 (1,022<RP<1,312) y 1,167 (1,037<RP<1,312) respectivamente. Conclusión: Los patrones de consumo de alcohol en el último mes y en los últimos seis se asocian a una falta de adherencia al TARV.

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Tuberculosis Knowledge among Persons Living with HIV Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Lima, Peru

October 2023

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38 Reads

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV (PLWH). Limited TB knowledge has been associated with delayed TB diagnosis and low adherence to TB treatment. A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWH at the largest HIV-referral center in Lima, Peru, to describe TB knowledge among PLWH and potential associated sociodemographic factors. Participants answered a self-administered survey on TB knowledge, which consisted of five questions about TB cure, transmission, treatment, symptoms, and prevention. Of 179 PLWH enrolled, most participants did not know that isoniazid (85%) and antiretrovirals (78%) are preventive measures for TB, and 56 (31.3%) knew that TB can be asymptomatic in PLWH. We did not find statistical differences in TB knowledge based on gender, education, marital status, and time on HIV care. We identified important gaps in TB knowledge among PLWH. Addressing these gaps could empower PLWH to reduce their TB risk.


Flowchart for selection of HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected and HIV-infected patients within Peruvian clinical cohorts.
Kaplan–Meier survival curves from HIV diagnosis among HIV/HTLV-1* co-infected and HIV-infected patients. * Patients in the co-infected group were considered as such from the date of HTLV-1 diagnosis.
Socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected and HIV-infected patients in Peru, matched on age, sex, and year of HIV diagnosis.
Factors associated with mortality in HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected and HIV-infected patients.
Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Mortality Differences between HIV-Infected and HIV/HTLV-1 Co-Infected Patients in Peru

June 2023

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69 Reads

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5 Citations

Background and aims: In Peru, the estimated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) co-infection has been reported to be as high as 18%. Despite the endemicity of HTLV-1 in Peru, few studies have assessed the impact of HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection. Our study compared socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and mortality rates between HIV-infected and HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients aged 18 years and older belonging to the HIV and HTLV-1 cohorts in Lima during a 30-year period: 1989–2019. Each HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patient was randomly matched with two HIV-infected patients with similar characteristics (same sex, age ± 5 years, and same year of HIV diagnosis). Allegedly co-infected patients without a confirmatory diagnosis of HIV and HTLV-1 were excluded. Most of the patients in the HIV-infected group did not have a negative test result for HTLV-1 infection, so we used two probabilistic sensitivity analysis models to correct for potential HTLV-1 exposure misclassification bias in the group of HIV-infected patients. Results: Of 162 patients enrolled, 54 were HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected and 108 were HIV-infected. The median age was 42 years (IQR = 34–51 years) and the majority were male (61.1%), single (44.4%), heterosexual (71%), born in Lima (58%), educated at the secondary school level (55.6%), and receiving antiretroviral treatment (91.4%). HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection was associated with an increased risk of death (HR: 11.8; 95% CI: 1.55–89.00; p = 0.017) while antiretroviral treatment was associated with a decreased risk of death (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.003–0.25; p = 0.001). The overall mortality rate was 13.6 per 100 persons and the survival time for co-infected patients (median = 14.19 years) was significantly shorter than that of HIV-infected patients (median = 23.83 years) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients had a significantly shorter survival time compared to HIV-infected patients, suggesting that the immune alterations caused by HTLV-1 in CD4 cell count may have contributed to late initiation of antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections over the decades, and thus reducing their benefits in these patients.


Validez de la evaluación del consumo de alcohol establecido en la norma técnica de atención integral del adulto con infección por el VIH

January 2023

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34 Reads

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1 Citation

Revista Medica Herediana

Objetivos: Determinar la validez de la evaluación de consumo de alcohol realizado en la Estrategia Nacional de Salud para la Prevención y Control de ITS-VIH / SIDA (ESNITSS) a pacientes con VIH que iniciaron tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV). Material y métodos: El tipo de estudio fue de evaluación de prueba diagnóstica en pacientes en TARV de un hospital del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), entre septiembre de 2017 y enero de 2018; en base al análisis de datos de la Fase I del estudio “Efectividad de la Consejería en Enfermería en la Mejora de la Adherencia al TARV en pacientes con VIH y Conducta de Consumo de Alcohol”. 4000 pacientes conformaron la población de estudio y 350 pacientes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se procedió a la validación de la evaluación del consumo de alcohol realizado por la ESNITSS con dos Gold estándar: i. la evaluación del consumo de alcohol en el último mes y ii. el consumo de riesgo identificado con el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, seguridad de la evaluación y razones de probabilidad. Resultados: La sensibilidad y especificidad fue regular para la evaluación de consumo de alcohol en el último mes (S=0,64, E=0,57), la especificidad fue mala para la evaluación de consumo de riesgo (E=0,48). Las razones de verosimilitud positivas demuestraron que la evaluación no tiene utilidad diagnóstica para ninguno de los casos (<2). Conclusiones: La evaluación de “consumo actual de alcohol” realizada por la ESNITSS no mostró utilidad diagnóstica.



Conocimientos, actitudes y percepción sobre el rol de los medios de comunicación respecto a la COVID-19 en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad peruana

March 2022

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51 Reads

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5 Citations

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública

Se realizó un estudio transversal en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada de Lima. El objetivo fue describir el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes sobre la COVID-19, además de su percepción sobre el rol de los medios de comunicación y de las redes sociales. El 32% no sabía que en los primeros cinco días de la enfermedad, las pruebas serológicas son preferibles para diagnosticar la COVID-19, comparadas con las pruebas moleculares; el 73% reportó estar dispuesto a trabajar como voluntario durante la pandemia y el 94% recibió información falsa sobre la COVID-19 en las redes sociales. Este estudio demuestra que la información sobre el uso de pruebas diagnósticas debe ser reforzada y que se debe tomar en cuenta el alto porcentaje de estudiantes dispuestos a ser voluntarios durante la pandemia de la COVID-19.


Study population, people living with HIV in a referral center in Lima, Peru, 2016–2017
Knowledge on HIV and ARV, among people living with HIV in a referral center in Lima, Peru, 2016–2017 (N = 171)
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of determinants of knowledge on HIV among people living with HIV in a referral center in Lima, Peru, 2016–2017 (N = 171)
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of determinants of antiretroviral (ARV) knowledge, among people living with HIV in a referral center in Lima, Peru, 2016–2017 (N = 171)
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of determinants of not achieving sustained viral suppression among people living with HIV in a referral center in Lima, Peru, 2016–2017 (N = 152)
HIV and antiretroviral treatment knowledge gaps and psychosocial burden among persons living with HIV in Lima, Peru

August 2021

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53 Reads

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5 Citations

This study aims to describe knowledge on HIV and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and psychosocial factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Lima, Perú, to explore characteristics associated to this knowledge, and determine its impact on sustained viral suppression. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 171 PLWH at the largest referral health care center in Lima. The psychosocial factors measured were depression, risk of alcoholism, use of illegal drugs and disclosure. A participant had “poor knowledge” when less than 80% of replies were correct. Sustained viral suppression was defined as two consecutive viral loads under 50 copies/mL. A total of 49% and 43% had poor HIV and ARV knowledge respectively; 48% of the study population screened positive for depression and 27% reported feeling unsupported by the person they disclosed to. The largest gaps in HIV and ARV knowledge were among 98 (57%) that did not recognize that HIV increased the risk of cancer and among 57 (33%) participants that did not disagree with the statement that taking a double dose of ARV if they missed one. Moderate depression was significantly associated to poor HIV and ARV knowledge. Non-disclosure and being on ARVs for less than 6 months were associated with not achieving sustained viral suppression. Our findings highlight important HIV and ARV knowledge gaps of PLWH and a high burden of psychosocial problems, especially of depression, among PLWH in Lima, Peru. Increasing knowledge and addressing depression and disclosure could improve care of PLWH.


Cómo ha modificado el TARV el perfil de enfermedad de las Personas Viviendo con VIH (PVVS)

January 2020

Diagnóstico

El advenimiento de la terapia antirretroviral (TARV) ha transformado la Infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), de una condición crónica, reduciendo su morbilidad y mortalidad. Sin embargo, la TARV también ha llevado a mayor incidencia de problemas metabólicos como resistencia a insulina (y otras alteraciones en el metabolismo de glucosa), dislipidemia y lipodistrofia, hechos que ocurren a pesar del mejor perfil de seguridad de los nuevos medicamentos.


Cómo ha modificado el TARV el perfil de enfermedad de las Personas Viviendo con VIH (PWS)

December 2018

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8 Reads

Diagnóstico

El advenimiento de laterapia antirretroviral (TARV) ha transformado la Infección por el V111JS de lnmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), de una condición inexorablementl: fatal a una condición crónica, reduciendo sumorbilidad y mortalidad. Sin embargo, la TARV también ha llevado a mayor incidencia de problemas metabólicos como resistencia a insulina (y otras alteraciones en el metabolismo de glucosa), dislipidemia y lipodistrofia, hechos que ocurren a pesar del mejor perfil de seguridad de los nuevos medicamentos. Por ende la infección por VIH se ha convertido en una enfermedad de prevalencia creciente, que requiere la C01lC1liTeilCia de muchas disciplinas para suatención integral.


Characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV who were evaluated by a social worker, 2011–2014
Factors associated with not having a patient-nominated supporter among people living with HIV who were evaluated by a social worker, 2011–2014
Associations between having patient-nominated supporters and being retained in care after one year among people living with HIV, 2011–2014
Associations between having patient-nominated supporters and being retained in care after two years among people living with HIV, 2011–2014
Associations between having patient-nominated supporters and being virally suppressed among people living with HIV, 2011–2014
Patient-nominated supporters as facilitators for engagement in HIV care in a referral hospital in Peru: A retrospective cohort study

April 2018

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131 Reads

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2 Citations

Patient-nominated supporters can potentially improve the continuum of HIV care. We retrospectively determined factors associated with having a patient-nominated supporter among people living with HIV (PLWH), and its association with retention in care and viral suppression. We analysed registries of adults evaluated by social workers (n = 1345) at a referral hospital in Peru between 2011–2014. Nondisclosure of HIV status was associated with lacking supporters (aPR: 5.41, 95% CI: 3.83–7.64). Retention in care was 76.4% and 34.2% after one and two years of enrolment, respectively. PLWH with supporters were more likely to be retained in care after two years (aRR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.81), but not after one year (aRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.98–1.23) compared to PLWH without supporters. Having supporters who were parents or friends was associated with an increased probability of being retained in care after one and two years of enrolment. Viral suppression after one year of enrolment was 58.7%. Having a supporter was not associated with viral suppression (aRR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.99–1.41), but PLWH with supporters were more likely to have viral load measurements (p = 0.005). Patient-nominated supporters appear beneficial for engagement in HIV care; these benefits may be related to the nature of their relationship with PLWH.


Citations (39)


... HIV and HTLV-1 co-infection increases mortality despite higher baseline CD4 + counts. Although ART use decreases mortality, using CD4 + cell counts to guide ART initiation and prophylaxis timing may delay effective treatment and increase mortality [39]. Antiretroviral therapy with lamivudine, zidovudine, and abacavir (or didanosine) for HIV-1 infection in patients co-infected with HIV-1/HTLV-1 leads to an elevation in HTLV-1 proviral load [40]. ...

Reference:

Immunological and Neurological Signatures of the Co-Infection of HIV and HTLV: Current Insights and Future Perspectives
Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Mortality Differences between HIV-Infected and HIV/HTLV-1 Co-Infected Patients in Peru

... Otra limitación del estudio fue realizar la evaluación del consumo de alcohol a través del autorreporte, que como es sabido, de acuerdo con la literatura tiene limitaciones por el juicio subjetivo en la respuesta (26) . Sin embargo, por un lado, es una forma de evaluación rápida, eficiente y aceptada internacionalmente, y por otro lado al usar dos pruebas, se puede asegurar la consistencia de las respuestas. ...

Validez de la evaluación del consumo de alcohol establecido en la norma técnica de atención integral del adulto con infección por el VIH

Revista Medica Herediana

... Los 15 trabajos anotados en la BDP que hablan acerca de la recepción de información sobre los contenidos con relación a la pandemia de covid-19 han abarcado los siguientes temas: Percepciones, miedos y riesgos, Medios de información, Autoridades políticas y redes sociales, Creencias de pandemia, Representaciones sociales, Antivacunas y vacunas, Percepción de fuentes gubernamentales, Mensajes institucionales del vocero de salud pública, Medios de obtención de información y Búsqueda de información sobre otras enfermedades en contexto de pandemia (Fernandes et al., 2021;Garcés-Prettel et al., 2021;;Márquez et al., 2021;Muñiz & Corduneanu, 2020;Paredes et al., 2022;Weerakoon et al., 2022;Wheatley, 2022). ...

Conocimientos, actitudes y percepción sobre el rol de los medios de comunicación respecto a la COVID-19 en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad peruana

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública

... The findings indicate that peer supporters often encounter rejection, primarily because some patients have not disclosed their status and due to the high levels of stigma still present.Several studies align with these findings, revealing a significant relationship between internal factors and adherence to therapy. These factors include knowledge, age, medication side effects, disease stage, alcohol consumption habits, internal stigma, trust in healthcare providers, depression, and self-efficacy (Andini et al., 2019;Dearly & Lestari, 2016;Hutahaean et al., 2023;Mufara, 2017;Navarro et al., 2021;Putra et al., 2021;Sakthivel et al., 2020;Yu et al., 2022). Most of these barriers stem from factors that can only be controlled by PLHIV themselves but can also be influenced by external factors. ...

HIV and antiretroviral treatment knowledge gaps and psychosocial burden among persons living with HIV in Lima, Peru

... Our study included persons attending a referral hospital and thus we did not include patients not retained in care. Two studies conducted in the same hospital than this study found similar percentages of unsuppressed viremia: one found that 24% had a detectable viral load (defined as a single viral load above 1000 copies/mL including patients with at least 24 weeks on ARV) [48], the other study found that 40% of PLWH had a single detectable viral load (defined as having an viral load above 200 copies/mL within the first year of enrolment in HIV programs) [49]. The two factors associated with not achieving sustained viral suppression were non-disclosure and being on ARVs less than 0.5 years. ...

Patient-nominated supporters as facilitators for engagement in HIV care in a referral hospital in Peru: A retrospective cohort study

... It was higher than studies in Hawassa in Ethiopia, Kenya and India, which was 84.1%, 61% and 77%, respectively (Gizaw & Gebremdhin, 2018;Kulzer et al., 2012;Selvaraj et al., 2017). Likewise, it was higher than studies in Harar in Ethiopia, Barcelona in Ispain, Peru and Burkina Faso, which was 70.6%, 70.8%, 60% and 88.1%, respectively (Abdurahman et al., 2015;Barro et al., 2018;Garcia de Olalla et al., 2015;Vasquez et al., 2017). It was also higher than the study in Gondar in Ethiopia and Southern Ethiopia, which was 81.7% and 68.8%, respectively (Atnafu Gebeyehu et al., 2019;Gebresillassie et al., 2019). ...

Missed opportunities for HIV control: Gaps in HIV testing for partners of people living with HIV in Lima, Peru

... By enrolling participants at the hospital waiting room for their viral load measures we might have overestimated knowledge; since our population did not include PLWH not retained in care. It is estimated that in the study hospital, between 53% and 57% of PLWH are retained in care after one year of entering the HIV Program [52]. Therefore, our results cannot be extrapolated to all the PLWH population but to that retained in care in Lima hospitals. ...

Long-Term Retention in HIV Care: From the “Cascade” of Care to the “Cycle” of Care

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

... The World Health Organization recommends a preventive chemotherapy strategy utilizing drugs such as mebendazole and albendazole to control soil-transmitted helminth species. However, these chemotherapy drugs exhibit limited effectiveness against Strongyloides stercoralis [8,9]. ...

Ivermectin versus albendazole or thiabendazole for Strongyloides stercoralis infection

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

... 1990, en relación con el caso clínico, Henríquez-Camacho et al. reportaron 23 casos de ofidismo en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia; en todos ellos se identificó a la serpiente agresora como el "jergón de la costa", y en cinco casos se logró capturar al ofidio, clasificándose como Bothrops pictus (7) . El 82,6 % de los afectados eran varones, con una media de edad de 38 años; la sintomatología más común fue el dolor y el edema local, y entre los signos clínicos predominó el aumento del volumen local (95,7 %), eritema (87 %) y equimosis (47,8 %) (7) . ...

Ofidismo por Bothrops pictus en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia: Estudio prospectivo de 23 casos