José de Sousa e Silva Júnior’s research while affiliated with Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi - MPEG and other places
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Definição do estado de ameaça de Saimiri macrodon, a partir do Processo de Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Fauna Brasileira, conduzido pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Saimiri macrodon ocorre na Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Brasil, onde está presente no Amazonas e Acre. Suspeitamos que sua tendência populacional esteja estável. Apesar de existirem ameaças relacionadas ao desmatamento, pecuária e matriz rodoviária, principalmente no
sul da sua extensão de ocorrência, avaliamos que essas não comprometem a população como um todo. Assim, Saimiri macrodon foi categorizada como Menos Preocupante.
Definição do estado de ameaça de Saimiri boliviensis, a partir do Processo de Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Fauna Brasileira, conduzido pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Saimiri boliviensis é uma espécie comum na Amazônia ocidental, com ocorrência na Bolívia, Peru e Brasil,
onde está presente no Acre, Amazonas e extremo noroeste de Rondônia. Apesar de apresentar um declínio populacional em função, principalmente, da agricultura, pecuária, desmatamento e aumento da matriz energética e rodoviária, suspeitamos que as ameaças não comprometem a população como um todo e, não implica em risco de extinção num futuro próximo. Assim, Saimiri
boliviensis foi categorizada como Menos Preocupante.
Definição do estado de ameaça de Saimiri ustus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843, a partir do Processo de Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Fauna Brasileira, conduzido pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Saimiri ustus é uma espécie endêmica do Brasil, com ampla distribuição geográfica, onde ocorre nos estados do Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso e Pará. Apesar das ameaças mais intensas na porção sul de sua
distribuição, a espécie é tolerante a perturbações e, por isso, estas não são suficientes para colocar a espécie em risco de extinção em um futuro próximo. Portanto, S. ustus foi categorizada como Menos Preocupante.
Definição do estado de ameaça de Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1916, a partir do Processo de Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Fauna Brasileira, conduzido pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Saimiri collinsi é uma espécie endêmica do Brasil, Amazônia oriental, presente nos estados do Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins e Mato Grosso. Apesar de apresentar um declínio populacional em função, principalmente, da agricultura, pecuária, desmatamento, redução de hábitat e aumento da matriz energética, as ameaças identificadas parecem não comprometer a população como um todo. Assim, Saimiri collinsi foi categorizada como Menos Preocupante.
Variations in morphological characters can occur at inter-and intraspeci c levels. Environmental predictors such as vegetation landscapes, di erences in diet, energy requirements, and environmental quality are the factors that could contribute to the variability in skull shape. Because of their wide geographic distribution, species of the family Tayassuidae are excellent models to test ecogeographic and functional hypotheses, being morphologically susceptible to intense selective forces and su ering threats throughout all their range of distribution. To evaluate the morphological diversity of Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795) considering geographic patterns, we investigate the morphological variability in craniomandibular characters in populations from Xingu-Tapajós inter uve, in the Brazilian eastern Amazon, a large region with heterogeneous landscapes. We analyzed 150 skulls of adult individuals for linear morphometrics and qualitative approaches. The results show that there is no signi cant di erence among populations from the study area, but that skulls of Xingu-Tapajós inter uve are larger compared to populations from other localities in Brazil. The species does not follow the Bergmann Rule, being larger in areas closer to the Equator. The intrapopulation results indicate a high gene ow maintained by populations through the Xingu-Tapajós inter uve. RESUMO. VARIABILIDADE MORFOLÓGICA DE TAYASSU PECARI (LINK, 1795) (ARTIODACTYLA, TAYASSUIDAE) NO INTERFLÚVIO XINGU-TAPAJÓS, PARÁ, BRASIL. Variações em caracteres morfológicos podem ocorrer em níveis interespecí co e intraespecí co. Preditores ambientais como heterogeneidade de paisagens, diferenças na dieta, demandas energéticas e qualidade ambiental, são fatores que podem contribuir para a variabilidade no formato do crânio. Devido sua ampla distribuição geográ ca, espécies da família Tayassuidae são vistas como modelos excelentes para testar hipóteses ecogeográ cas e funcionais, sendo morfologicamente suscetíveis a intensas forças seletivas e sofrendo ameaças por toda sua área de distribuição. Com o intuito de entender a diversidade morfológica em Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795), considerando padrões geográ cos, investigamos a variabilidade morfológica em caracteres craniomandibulares de populações presentes no inter úvio Xingu-Tapajós, localizado na Amazônia oriental brasileira, sendo uma região ampla e com paisagens heterogêneas. Analisamos 150 crânios de indivíduos adultos para morfometria linear e abordagens qualitativas. Os resultados demonstram que não há diferença significativa entre as populações na área de estudo, mas que esses espécimes apresentam crânios maiores quando comparados com populações de outras regiões do Brasil. A espécie não segue a Regra de Bergmann, sendo maior em áreas próximas à linha do Equador. Os resultados intrapopulacionais sugerem um alto fluxo gênico mantido pelas populações através do interflúvio Xingu-Tapajós.
Recibido 9 mayo 2022. Aceptado 17 noviembre 2022. Editor asociado: Dr. Norberto Giannini 2 Mastozoología Neotropical, 29(2):e0802, Mendoza, 2022 h p://www.sarem.org.ar-h p://www.sbmz.org
Fifty years of deforestation in the Arc of Deforestation have put at risk species survival, ecosystem services and the stability of biogeochemical cycles in Amazonia, with global repercussions. In response, we need to understand the diversity, distribution and abundance of flagship species groups, such as primates, which can serve as umbrella species for broad biodiversity conservation strategies and help mitigate climate change. Here we identify the range, suitable habitat areas and population size of Vieira's titi monkey Plecturocebus vieirai and use it as an emblematic example to discuss biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation in one of the largest deforestation frontiers. Our findings show that deforestation for agriculture and cattle-ranching expansion is the major threat to P. vieirai and is responsible for present (%) and projected (%) reductions in habitat area and population size. We also found that human-driven climate change affects the P. vieirai niche negatively, triggering habitat degradation and further population decline even inside protected areas. Primate watching can be a profitable alternative to forest exploitation on private, public or Indigenous lands in the Arc of Deforestation and is a way to shift the traditional, predatory extraction of natural resources from Amazonia towards sustainable land use based on biodiversity conservation at local, regional and global scales, local people's welfare and climate change mitiga-tion. New models of land use and income generation are required to protect the unique natural and human heritages of the Arc of Deforestation and the life-supporting ecosystem services and products provided by Amazonia.
South America is unique as it is home of two species of manatees: the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, and the Amazonian manatee, T. inunguis. These species are easily identified by the belly skin coloration, the first is entirely gray whereas T. inunguis has a white mark pattern in the belly, and presence of nails in T. manatus, absent in T. inunguis. The morphology and the range of Trichechus species have been clearly established. However, we show that the belly skin coloration and the presence of nails on the pectoral flipper may be polymorphic. These findings prompted us to check all available information about the manatee. In view of lack of accurate data on manatee locations, we produced a gazetteer and a map of Trichechus spp. in South America using records obtained by regular monitoring of aquatic mammal strandings conducted by the Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos da Amazônia of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, all available peer-reviewed data, reports, thesis, and newspaper files with photos showing diagnostic characters. These findings showed the need of improving the identification of these species before implementing conservation strategies. Finally, we present a complete report on the extant distribution of these species in South America.
Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.
Traditionally, the morphological attributes and the range of Trichechus species have been clearly established. However, we herein show that morphological traits, like belly and pectoral flipper coloration in South American manatees may be polymorphic. Karyotypic analysis of T. manatus allowed the precise identification of this species and confirmed the variability of the observed morphological findings. Molecular analysis based on cytochrome b DNA and the D-loop mitochondrial region showed shared haplotypes between T. inunguis and T. manatus , suggesting the presence of an ancestral polymorphism. These findings showed the need of improving the identification of these species before implementing conservation strategies. Finally, we present a complete report on the extant distribution of these species in South America.
... Macaco-de-cheiro, mão-de-ouro -Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1916 Os macacos-de-cheiro apresentam uma clara preferência por habitats alagáveis ou de margens de corpos d'água (Baldwin & Baldwin 1981;Baldwin 1985). Saimiri collinsi é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, ocorrendo na região situada ao sul do rio Amazonas (incluindo o arquipélago do Marajó), desde o rio Tapajós até parte do Cerrado, no Maranhão (Silva-Júnior et al. 2015;Mercês et al. 2017). Esta é a única espécie de Saimiri presente na região da Baixada Maranhense. ...
... aletheia, N. elieceri, and N. jau -is not unexpected for the genus, in the view of similar recent discoveries in western, northeastern and southeastern Amazonia (Brito et al., 2021;Caccavo & Weksler, 2021;Colmenares-Pinzon 2021;Semedo et al. 2020;Hurtado & Pacheco, 2017;Patton et al., 2000;S anchez-Vendiz u et al., 2018;Voss et al., 2001). This is in line with the increase knowledge on Amazonian mammal diversity based on new field collections in poorly-inventoried areas, on new descriptions, revalidations, identification of cryptic species, and on taxonomic lists that have been published in the last two decades Costa-Ara ujo et al., 2019;al., 2021;D ıaz-Nieto & Voss 2016;Ferreira et al., 2020;Garbino et al. 2019;Patton et al., 2000;Pavan et al., 2012;Rosa et al., 2012;Rossi et al., 2017;Saldanha & Rossi, 2021;Semedo et al. 2020;Silva J unior et al., 2013;Suarez-Villota et al. 2018;Voss et al., 2001;2019;. ...
... Collectively, titi monkeys occupy multiple biomes and ecosystems throughout South America, and are found in well conserved and protected landscapes as well as small, isolated, and highly disturbed forest fragments (Bicca-Marques and Heymann, 2013). Additionally, there are regular descriptions of new species (Boubli et al., 2019;Gusmão et al., 2019) and populations (Rocha et al., 2019) of titi monkey, as well as documentation of new behaviors (Souza-Alves et al., 2021a;Martínez et al., 2022), and reports of new records for a species in a particular habitat or geographic location (Alonso et al., 2022;Costa-Araújo et al., 2022;Silva et al., 2022a). While such discoveries provide further opportunities to increase our understanding of titi monkey biodiversity, pursuing these additional lines of scientific inquiry can be difficult, mainly because of the intense pressure humans can put on natural environments and the challenges of accessing remote environments for field studies (Pinto et al., 2013). ...
... Due their cryptic behaviour and the complexity their habitat, the river systems of the Amazon rainforest, the exact number of Amazonian manatees, Trichechus inunguis, is still unknown, emphasizing the need for science-based conservation efforts. T. inunguis can be found throughout the whole Amazon Basin with its habitat including the Amazon River and its tributaries (Bonvicino et al., 2020). Amazonian manatees, like all the other species of the family of the Trichechidae are fully aquatic monogastric non ruminant herbivores (Calvimontes and Marmontel, 2022). ...
... A better knowledge of the genetic diversity of populations living in geographic regions susceptible to environmental changes is essential for assertive actions for their conservation. This may be the case of the area where the two species of South American manatees are found in sympatry: The Amazon delta, which is influenced by significant human and environmental processes that may progressively damage the status of a non-vulnerable area as it is presently considered (Bonvicino et al. 2019;Anthony et al. 2021). The use of genomic approaches to solve problems related to genetic variation, population viability, and management of local populations is the core of conservation genetics, termed more recently as conservation genomics (Woodruff 2001). ...
... Although the species presents a large extent of occurrence at continental level, its area of occupancy is considerably smaller. In addition, the margay is one of the least studied felines as camera trap surveys are more likely dedicated to assess jaguars and ocelots (Brodie, 2009;de la Torre et al., 2017;Nagy-Reis et al., 2020;Tobler & Powell, 2013). ...
... Mico chrysoleucos habita florestas primárias e secundárias de Terra Firme (Silva et al., 2018), em florestas de Igapó e Várzea (Costa-Araújo et al., 2023b). ...
... As principais ameaças identificadas para o táxon são: agricultura, pecuária, desmatamento, urbanização, incêndios florestais, fragmentação e redução de hábitat, mineração, aumento da matriz energética (Buss et al. 2017;Mercês et al., 2018). A estimativa de perda de hábitat passada ocorrida dentro da área de distribuição da espécie foi de 17,5% (Butti et al., 2022), em 3 gerações (24 anos -IUCN, 2007). ...
... While these approaches provide essential information at fine spatial resolutions, informing policy and management (Hays et al., 2019), they also encounter a number of challenges and limitations (e.g., limited battery life of monitoring equipment (Raoult et al., 2018), high expenses associated with deploying and maintaining monitoring equipment (Sousa-Lima et al., 2013), ethical concerns related to animal welfare during the deployment of tracking equipment (Walker et al., 2012)). In this context, the analytical examination of opportunistically collected stranding records can enhance information obtained through other approaches as it allows for the collection of valuable long-term data on the occurrence of elusive species (Costa et al., 2017) and on their exposure to various threats (Arbelo et al., 2013;Obusan et al., 2016). ...
... The genetic differentiation observed between rough-toothed dolphins from the Caribbean and North Atlantic Ocean with Brazil-South Atlantic Ocean had been previously described (Donato et al., 2019;Silva et al., 2015), and agrees with other genetic studies with delphinids such as the Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis (Cuvier, 1829) (do Amaral et al., 2021), bottlenose dolphin (Fruet et al., 2014), clymene dolphin Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850) (Nara et al., 2017), and common dolphin (Amaral et al., 2012), which reported a similar isolation pattern. Oceanographical features like the Amazon River mouth and the North Brazilian Current appear to act as a barrier that is segregating fauna from the northern and southern Brazil (Costa et al., 2017). Consequently, and due the isolation pattern for delphinid species in southern Brazil, some populations may be at risk (Fruet et al., 2014). ...
