José Luis’s scientific contributions

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Publications (4)


Media History
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February 2019

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1 Citation

Media History

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José Luis

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This article examines the history of survey and communication research in Latin America. Aiming to contribute to a more robust transnational history of communication research in the American continent we examine the works of Nelson Rockefeller's OIAA (Office of Inter-American Affairs) and Hadley Cantril in several Latin American countries. We argue that, despite the importance of these early studies, they are not considered in the official history of communication because they failed to leave institutional traces in Latin America and also due to the fact that transnational archival work has only seldom been considered an important source in Latin American history of communication.

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Mercenary Writers of British Propaganda in Mexico During the Second World War.

Thousands of news articles, editorials and features claiming to be written by Mexican journalists, political commentators or military specialists, were produced by writers in the pay of British propaganda agencies during the Second World War in Mexico. The acknowledgement of this fabrication may prevent historians from using content analysis of news items, cartoons and editorials in Mexican press as a reliable source for the analysis of public opinion during these years. Unchecked or tolerated by the Mexican government, the use of hired writers resulted in rampant editorial distortion towards the Allied cause and imposition of their agenda within the public sphere. Many factors led to extensive manipulation of public opinion in Mexico. Among them were media's dependence upon foreign newsprint, the lack of national wire services and blackmailing from advertisers. 1 The Press in Mexico in the Early Forties In 1940, Mexico´s population was nearly twenty million, of whom less than 50 per cent were literate. Mexico's print media were highly concentrated regionally. In the capital, the leading commercial newspapers were six morning dailies: four independent, and two the mouthpieces of the government party and the main labor union. 2 In the provinces there were approximately one hundred and thirty newspapers, very uneven in scope, circulation and resources. American propagandists reckoned eighty-three newspapers as " small " and forty-one " intermediate-sized ". They deemed relevant only the thirty magazines of the capital. 3


0 The Early Days of Survey Research in Latin America

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The first surveys in Latin America and the "Office of Inter-American Affairs" Systematic empirical survey research emerged in Latin America as a result of the objectives of the "Office of Inter-American Affairs" (OIAA), an agency created in August 1940 by the U.S. government and chaired by Nelson A. Rockefeller. Aimed at increasing and strengthening hem-ispheric solidarity and combatting Axis propaganda, the Coordinator realized that his program required an in-depth knowledge of the field conditions in Latin America as well as reliable research methodologies (Rowland, 1947: 1–7). Even compared to the activities undertaken by the Committee on Public Information from April 1917 to the end of World War I (Creel, 1972), the OIAA was the most ambitious project ever attempted in the western hemisphere in the fields of international and intercultural com-munication, propaganda, cultural diplomacy, public relations and mass communication research (Rowland, 1947; Aikman, 1942: 551–553).


Potrero del Llano

Este 13 de mayo se cumplen sesenta años del hundimiento del buque petro-lero Potrero del Llano, acontecimiento que precipitó la entrada de México a la segunda guerra mundial. A los pocos días de este ataque circuló entre la opi-nión pública mexicana la versión de que el Potrero del Llano había sido hundi-do por submarinos de los Estados Unidos con el objetivo de provocar la entrada de México en la guerra. Con base en información inédita del FBI, el autor con-firma la tesis de que el hundimiento del navio fue producto de la agresión nazi, y añade que esta operación fue apoyada logísticamente por el sorprendente sistema de comunicación alemán de los "micropuntos de información". ANTECEDENTES EN LA PRIMER\ GUERRA MUNDIAL Durante la primera guerra mundial los alemanes intentaron instalar en México bases para sus submarinos. Su interés no obedecía únicamente a las ventajas bélicas, sino también a las propagandísticas. El hundimiento de buques esta-dounidenses, decían, daría "un poderoso impulso a la propaganda alemana en México".' El proyecto no se concretó, y con el término del conflicto, cayó en el olvido. Veinticinco años más tarde, con abrumadores argumentos, la hipóte-sis alemana se confirmaba. El hundimiento de un barco por parte de un sub-marino alemán daba, en efecto, un muy poderoso impulso a la propaganda, con la única diferencia de que tanto el barco que se iba a pique como la propagan-da en cuestión eran de México. Véase Katz, 1982. p. 117.