Joop Hox’s scientific contributions

... Nezlek (2012), we included random intercepts and random slopes in each model and trimmed the error term if the model failed to converge due to a lack of variation in the random effects. Following Sterba (2019, 2021) we calculated effect sizes using the r2mlm function (Shaw et al., 2023), which provides a measure that is akin to a correlation when the square root is computed (the square root of the proportion of variance reduction, Hox, 2002;Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998;Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). We report R b f2 (the square root of the proportion of between-cluster variance explained by between-person predictors via fixed slopes) for between-person models and R w f1v (the square root of the proportion of within-cluster variance explained by within-person predictors via fixed slopes and random slope variation/covariation) for within-person models. ...

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Difficulty-as-improvement in daily life: believing that difficulties are character-building supports well-being, effortful engagement, and experiencing successes