Joma Nazpary’s scientific contributions

... To protect the anonymity of our informants, their names and locations have been changed. searched for alternative livelihood strategies, which resulted in the proliferation of numerous informal and non-legal practices, such as debt-based trade and economic exchanges (Koroteyeva and Makarova 1998), barter economies (Ledeneva and Seabright 2000), informalization of economies and exchange (Rasanayagam 2011), informal networks and blat (Ledeneva 1998), informal credit institutions (Ruziev and Midmore 2014), debt chains (Nazpary 2002), an informal system of welfare provision (Polese et al. 2014), and economies of trust (Turaeva 2014;Holzlehner 2018). In this regard, given the state's inability to secure the basic needs of its citizens, ordinary people have become increasingly dependent on informal income-earning practices and survival strategies. ...

Reference:

Debt-Based Trade, Social Norms, and Informality in Uzbekistan