John M. Reising's research while affiliated with The Boeing Company and other places

... These observable pilot actions are called testable responses. For the testable responses to be effective, they should be chosen to capture the essential actions related to the activity of interest, i.e., the observable pilot responses should be dependent on the sufficient awareness of the tactical task goals [28], [65]- [69]. ...

... The question of "who is in charge" was addressed by Moss, Reising and Hudson (1984). They suggested that task and/or decision allocation should be completed according to the interaction of both mission goals and human/machine capabilities. ...

... In addition, observers must consider the physical characteristics of a system. Displays that are used to represent this type of system information are often referred to as mimic displays, presumably because they mimic the physical structure of the system (e.g., Hawkins, Reising, & Gilmore, 1983a, 1983b Hollan, Hutchins, McCandless, Rosenstein, & Weitzman, 1987; Hollan, Hutchins, & Weitzman, 1984). An example from Hawkins et al. (1983b) is provided in Figure 1. ...

... t is similar to what would actually be seen by looking outside theplane led to improved performance. However, Williams and Wickens (1991) found that simpler aspects of navigation are performed using verbal-analytic cognitive processes, not spatial processes. A spatial display may not support the verbal-analytic process as well as a textual display. Reising and Hartsock (1989) found that in warning/caution/advisory displays, a schematic of the cockpit showing the controls that were needed to handle an emergency did not improve performance. 'me important factor in improved performance was a checklist of the required procedures (which is closer to what a command language interface would offer). A test pilot poi ...

... Low visibility flight operations have been studied for several decades, with the intent of improving the safety, reliability and efficiency of the air transportation system (e.g., Reising et al., 1998). With the development of precision approach landing aids such as the Instrument Landing System (ILS), and vertically guided approaches based on the Global Positioning System (GPS), it has been possible to reduce incrementally the visibility required to operate to and on properly equipped runways, relying primarily on the ground-based navigation and runway/airport infrastructure (e.g., lighting) to support these operations. ...

... The strong preference for the glass cockpit over the traditional displays represents another example of the 'preference performance dissociation' often found in human factors research (Andre and Wickens, 1995). The key factor may have been the role of color in the glass cockpit displays as users have been found to prefer color displays even where the use of color confers no performance advantages (Reising and Calhoun, 1982). The use of bright, saturated colors in high-contrast displays are viewed positively (Sanders and McCormack, 1987) and may have contributed to the appeal of the glass cockpit displays used in the present study. ...

... In relatively early studies of 3D displays, the display design was poor, seen in retrospect. The presentation was often merely a simple 3D coordinate system with linear perspective as depth cue, whereas Mazur and Reising (1990), for example, show that additional cues do give a user a better understanding of displayed situations. Recently, however, efforts have been made to implement perspective cues in primary flight displays (PFD) and CDTI (Cobham, 2011;Dao, Battiste, Granada-Vigil, & Johnson, 2006;Jennings, Alter, Barrows, Enge, & Powell, 1999;Thomas, 2005;Thomas & Wickens, 2005). ...

... They are based on the assumption that an increase in task difficulty results in deterioration of performance, which increases the pilot's cognitive workload (or reduces the working memory capacity) (Wei et al., 2014). The simplest of these methods is the time domain statistical methods such as root mean squared error (RMSE), standard deviation of error, number of deviations outside tolerance, and computation of reaction time (Reising et al., 1995). For example, Smith and Caldwell (2004) conducted exhaustive simulated flight experiments to study pilot fatigue using RMSE. ...

... The use of HUDs in instr ument meteor ological conditions has r aised concer ns that they may contr ibute to spatial disor ientation (Zenyuh, Reising, McClain, Bar bato, & Har tsock, 1987). Bar nette (1976) found that 30% of pilots r epor ted that the use of HUDs was associated with an incr eased r isk of spatial disor ientation (see also Newman, 1980). ...

... Vidulich and Hughes (1991) developed the SA-SWORD, a nine-item scale, to explore the effects of multiple variations of cockpit features on pilot SA. The association of subjective SA using the SA-SWORD measure with objective SA was examined by Snow and Reising (2000) in a sample of 12 military pilots. Higher subjective ratings of SA were associated with certain cockpit display types. ...