John Gaito’s research while affiliated with University of Waterloo and other places

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Publications (79)


Chemical variation in the ventral hippocampus and other brain sites during conditioned avoidance
  • Article

May 2014

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8 Reads

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5 Citations

Psychonomic Science

John Gaito

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James Mottin

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James H. Davison

No differences between learning and nonlearning rats were found in neurochemical measures in the ventral hippocampus but differences were present in the medial ventral cortex.




The effect of varying rest intervals following the development of oscillation during unilateral amygdaloid stimulation

December 2013

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4 Reads

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9 Citations

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

Fifteen rats showing prominent oscillation patterns in latency during sequential alternation of unilateral amygdaloid stimulation were separated into three groups of five rats each. Group 1 rats were rested for 1 month prior to continuing sequential alternations. Groups 2 and 3 rats were rested for 3 months and 6 months, respectively. In spite of these rest intervals, most rats continued to show the same oscillation pattern as that before the rest period.


The kindling effect as a part or full-term laboratory exercise in physiological psychology courses

December 2013

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1 Read

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3 Citations

Physiological Psychology

Use of the kindling effect for laboratory work in physiological psychology courses is suggested. This effect can involve a number of learning experiences: making bipolar electrodes, implanting these electrodes in the amygdala, stimulating animals and observing behavior for weeks or months, doing histological analyses. A simple kindling experiment for a full term is described.


A factor analysis of data from sequential alternation of amygdaloid stimulation: A replication

December 2013

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13 Reads

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1 Citation

Physiological Psychology

Data from a number of sequential alternation experiments for 125 subjects were factor analyzed to determine the number of common factors present. Three measures (mean latency of convulsion, mean number of trials to, six convulsions, mean duration of convulsions) were evaluated by principal components analyses. The presence of two factors was suggested in the latency, criterion, and duration measures (primary site stimulation, secondary site stimulation). The two factors were more clearly defined for the latency data than for the other measures. Further analyses with individual trials (rather than means) for the 125 subjects provided approximately the same results. Factor analyses of data from 35 rats stimulated only on one side showed the presence of one factor in all analyses. These results suggest a two-factor interpretation of kindling events, possibly the two effects of Goddard et al. and McIntyre and Goddard: a long-term neurological circuitry modification for each of the primary and secondary sites and a short-term aftereffect which accounts for the negative-transfer aspects from the primary to the secondary site.


An empirical basis for the statement that measurement scale properties (and meaning) are irrelevant in statistical analyses

December 2013

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14 Reads

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6 Citations

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

A study was conducted to evaluate the notion that the relationship between a number and its referent determines the type of statistical analysis required (the measurement-statistics issue). A number of transformations of original data were performed in which the meaningfulness of this relationship was modified. No change in statistical analyses resulted, even when meaningfulness was at zero, or near zero, levels with random transformations.


The oscillation effect over long-term periods

November 2013

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10 Reads

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6 Citations

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

Previous research indicated that an oscillation effect resulted during sequential alternation of unilateral electrical stimulation of the amygdala over 10 phases of six clonic convulsions per phase, with consistent low latency values for one side and consistent high values for the contralateral one (i.e., a fluctuation of low and high values on consecutive phases). In the present experiment 10 rats were stimulated for up to 50 phases. Four of the 10 showed remarkable patterns of oscillation in latency data: One oscillated on every one of 50 phases, two showed oscillation patterns on 48 of 50 phases, and the fourth oscillated on every one of 32 phases.


Statistical analyses of oscillation-effect data within the kindling paradigm

November 2013

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11 Reads

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1 Citation

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

Data from a number of kindling experiments involving 60 convulsion trials were evaluated by a truncated principal components factor analysis to determine the number of common factors present. These data were obtained on 123 rats in which periodic low-intensity unilateral stimulation was alternated from one amygdala to the other after six convulsions on each side. Two dependent variables (latency of convulsion, duration of convulsion) were analyzed over Trials 1–60, 1–24, 25–60, 1–12, 13–24, 25–36, 37–48, and 49–60 for each dependent variable. Two factors appeared for all latency analyses: primary site stimulation (first side stimulated), secondary site stimulation (second side stimulated). The factor resolution was not clear for the duration measure; two to four factors were suggested in the various analyses.


The effect of number of convulsions per phase on the oscillation tendency

November 2013

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13 Reads

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7 Citations

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

Three groups of rats were subjected to a sequence of electrical stimulations alternating from one amygdala to the contralateral one. In Group 1 each stimulation was for one convulsion prior to stimulation of the opposite side. Rats in Group 2 had six convulsions per phase. Twelve convulsions per phase were provided for Group 3 rats. The oscillation tendency (high values for one side, low values for the other side) was prominent with all groups, but seemed less prevalent for the rats in the one convulsion per phase group.


Citations (43)


... In the last 20 years there have been attempts by many investigators to determine the brain neurochemical events which occur during learning behavior (Gaito, 1966(Gaito, , 1971. Molecular Psychobiology Laboratory personnel at York University have been engaged in this task for approximately a decade (Gaito, 1972). A major problem in these attempts has been that of ensuring that the control or "nonlearning" animal does not show learning so as to contrast sharply with the "learning" animal. ...

Reference:

Interanimal negative transfer of the kindling effect
Macromolecules and Brain Function
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 1972

... There is now available much research which indicates that, during learning and other behaviors, changes in the amount of RNA and protein usually occur (Gaito, 1971). There is the assumption that DNA sites which are completely, or relatively, quiescent are stimulated to become active to produce RNA, which event ultimately results in protein synthesis (Bonner, 1966;Gaito, 1964Gaito, , 1971. It is, therefore, possible that cells involved in a learning task have a slightly different protein complement than before involvement. ...

DNA Derepression and Behavior
  • Citing Article
  • August 1964

Psychological Reports

... In the course of investigating kindling, we have noted that kindling behavior could be altered or prevented by stimulation with low-frequency sine-wave stimulation (suppression effect). In a series of experiments, we found that 1-or 3-Hz sine-wave stimulation at moderate intensities before and/or after a 6O-Hzstimulation trial suppressed the tendency of the 60-Hz current to produce kindling behavior (Gaito, 1979, 1980a, 1980bGaito, Nobrega, & Gaito, 1980). The experiments with 3-Hz stimulation were conducted at an intertrial interval of 1 h between the imposition of the 3-and 6O-Hz stimulation trials. ...

The effect of varying durations of stimulation of the 3-Hz interference effect
  • Citing Article
  • April 2013

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

... By manipulating these variables, we can " turn on" or "turn off' kindling behavior . Likewise, kindling behavior can be prevented before development (Gaito, 1982;Gaito & Gaito, 1980) as well as after it is present. ...

Prior treatment with 1-Hz stimulation retards the development of kindling induced by 60-Hz stimulation
  • Citing Article
  • May 2013

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

... In previous papers, we have described factor analyses concerned with determining the number of common factors underlying data involving phase means (Gaito, Gaito, & Nobrega, 1977)and also data involving each of the 60 convulsion trials (Gaito & Gaito , 1979). The results indicated two clearly separated factors in both cases with latency data (time between onset of stimulation and onset of convulsion): the primary site stimulation and the secondary site stimulation factor. ...

A factor analysis of data from 10 phases of sequential alternation of amygdaloid stimulation within the kindling paradigm
  • Citing Article
  • September 2013

Physiological Psychology

... An analysis of variance statistical procedure indicated that the recipients of supernatant from kindled animals showed a significantly greater mean number of trials to CC than did the two control groups (F = 5.61;df= 1,18, P < .05). Significant differences did not occur when C was compared to S. These results are consistent with those in the preliminary work ( Gaito et al, 1973). ...

Interanimal transfer and chemical events underlying the kindling effect
  • Citing Article
  • May 2013

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

... In the course of investigating kindling, we have noted that kindling behavior could be altered or prevented by stimulation with low-frequency sine-wave stimulation (suppression effect). In a series of experiments, we found that 1-or 3-Hz sine-wave stimulation at moderate intensities before and/or after a 6O-Hzstimulation trial suppressed the tendency of the 60-Hz current to produce kindling behavior (Gaito, 1979, 1980a, 1980bGaito, Nobrega, & Gaito, 1980). The experiments with 3-Hz stimulation were conducted at an intertrial interval of 1 h between the imposition of the 3-and 6O-Hz stimulation trials. ...

Three Hz brain stimulation interferes with various aspects of the kindling effect
  • Citing Article
  • February 2013

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society

... Another possibility is to make use of the kindling effect for laboratory exercises ( Gaito. 1974; Goddard. Mcintyre. & Leech. 1969). A group of researchers (Goddard et at .. 1969) have found that repeated low-intensity stimulation, via implanted electrodes in a number of subcortical sites, eventually leads to bilateral clonic convulsions . For example, electrical stimulation administered daily to the amygdala produces clonic convul ...

The Kindling Effect
  • Citing Article
  • March 2013

Physiological Psychology