Joanna Bourke's research while affiliated with Birkbeck, University of London and other places

... 92 So significant was this, in fact, that many families consciously chose to send their daughters rather than their sons abroad, since they were thought more likely to remit money regularly. 93 That same sense of duty may well have been felt towards a favoured priest when the call for emigrant charity went out. 94 Moreover, as clergy in the American Catholic Church well knew, unmarried servant girls were also among the most devoted and generous benefactors of religious causes in the United States, helping to build churches and schools all over the country. ...

... In cultural and feminist studies, the contributions dedicated to (Northern) Irish masculinities are broader, but the number of theorists remains limited. The most significant case studies range from militarised masculinities in Bourke (1998), Sharoni (2000), andMcDowell (2008), sports in Bairner (1999aBairner ( , 1999b and Cronin (2007), fatherhood in McKeown, Ferguson, and Rooney (1998), education in Owens (2000) and Mac an Ghaill (1996a, 1996b, body and violence in Feldman (1991), homosociality in Dowler (2001), and deviant masculinities and abjection in Mac an Ghaill (1994). In the pre-and post-Celtic tiger context, seminal works on masculinity by Ferguson and Synott (1995), Ferguson and Reynolds (2001), and Walsh (2010) are also worth mentioning. ...

... As feminist historians have taught us, just as we should not dismiss or devalue women's work in the past simply because it was considered 'lowly', neither should we do the same with the labour disabled people have performed. 4 Rather than judging disabled people's relationship with work in the past simply in terms of their 'inclusion' or 'exclusion', we need to pay attention to the meanings and value of their work within particular occupational or familial contexts. ...

... Indeed, this is what they had been taught in training, including phrases such as ''you can switch off emotions.'' Traditionally, soldiers are trained in ''disciplining the emotions'' (Bourke, 1998), and in being able to ''suck up'' feelings that may hinder them in performing well (Molendijk et al., 2016). This includes a process of self-distancing and to some extent even selfdehumanization, as is indicated by the names Dutch soldiers call themselves, such as ''bodies'' (lichamen) and ''carcasses'' (kadavers). ...

... Psychiatrists J.R. Rees and Ronald Hargreaves became consultants to the Army in 1939 and Rees initially unsuccessfully attempted to show the military the benefits of intelligence testing recruits (Shephard, 2002). In 1941, Rees was formally appointed as a Consultant Psychiatrist to the British Army and he assembled a group of psychologists and psychiatrists to deal with such military issues as the screening of recruits, the selection of officers and the rehabilitation of soldiers after battle (Bourke, 2001). War Officer Selection Boards (WOSBs) were set up in 1942 that combined the work of both psychologists conducting testing and psychiatrists conducting interviews to serve these ends. ...

... Since the mid-nineteenth century, the photograph has served as a constant reminder of death (Barthes 2010;Batchen 2004;Ruby 1995). Mourning wives and mothers used spiritual mediums to contact dead soldiers after the Civil War and World War I, sometimes receiving automatic telegrams from dead loved ones (Bourke 2007). ...

... As Joanna Bourke has stressed, historians should adopt 'aesthesiological' approaches to people in the past that acknowledge 'the history of bodily and emotional reactions to the world'. 125 In order to delegitimise conscientious objection, in cultural terms at least, authorities attempted to demonstrate the physical abnormality of the objector and to manage their physical health accordingly. 'The prison became a laboratory in which the advice and expertise of the medical profession . . . ...

... from the point of view of popular memory, most soldiers remember war as a negative but normalized experience-experience was mainly negative in the case of victorious armies, like the red army, and even more negative in the case of defeated armies, like the German army (Bourke, 2001). Both in the case of victorious nations, like ussr (Merridale, 2006) and in defeated nations, like Germany and Japan after WW2, people remember their own suffering but conceal, silence or ignore other's suffering (Dower, 1991;Wette, 2006). ...

... According to certain analysts, Los Zetas' effectiveness was attributed to their tactical capabilities, stemming from the training acquired by their founding members within the Mexican army (Campbell, 2010;Grayson, 2014). However, this perspective overlooks the distinction between technical proficiency, such as weapon usage and ambush tactics, and the intricate socialization processes that enable contemporary soldiers to effectively apply their technical knowledge within a unified organizational framework (Bourke, 1999). ...

... The same goes with many political science theories, which abhor and leave little room for ambiguity and nuance. Herein lies the strength of ethnography, which like history can restore ambiguity and nuance to polarized and politicized context by focusing on the everyday and the personal (for connections between the two disciplines, see Bourke 2006). To give a concrete (but for many uncomfortable) example, Russian soldiers are not simply "orcs" but people too. ...