Jillian Boreham's research while affiliated with University of Oxford and other places
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Publications (64)
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
Russian adults have extraordinarily high rates of premature death. Retrospective enquiries to the families of about 50 000 deceased Russians had found excess vodka use among those dying from external causes (accident, suicide, violence) and eight particular disease groupings. We now seek prospective evidence of these associations.
In three Russian...
A four-stage model of the cigarette epidemic was proposed in 1994 to communicate the long delay between the widespread uptake of cigarette smoking and its full effects on mortality, as had been experienced in economically developed countries where cigarette smoking became entrenched decades earlier in men than in women. In the present work, the que...
Low body mass index (BMI) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in populations where many are overweight. Substantial uncertainty remains about the relationship in populations with lower mean BMI levels, and about the relevance to it of the effects of smoking or of reverse causality.
A nationally representative prospective...
Low body mass index (BMI) has been associated with increased risk of lung cancer. However, the nature of the association, especially in populations with relatively low BMI, is less well characterized, as is the relevance to it of smoking. A nationally representative prospective cohort study included 217,180 Chinese men aged 40-79 years in 1990-91 w...
Alcohol is an important determinant of the high and fluctuating adult mortality rates in Russia, but cause-specific detail is lacking. Our case-control study investigated the effects of alcohol consumption on male and female cause-specific mortality.
In three Russian industrial cities with typical 1990s mortality patterns (Tomsk, Barnaul, Biysk), t...
Summary— A total of 277 patients with apparently localised prostatic cancer (T2-T4 NXMO) were allocated at random to receive radiotherapy alone (88), orchiectomy alone (90) and combined therapy (99) between 1980 and 1985. The main outcome measures were survival, time to appearance of metastases and treatment of local disease progression by further...
The changes in Russian mortality rates during the last two decades are unprecedented in a modern industrialized country. Although these fluctuations have attracted much interest, trends for major groups of causes of death have been analysed while trends in specific causes of death might shed light on the underlying determinants.
We analysed trends...
The nationwide effects of smoking on mortality in India have not been assessed reliably.
In a nationally representative sample of 1.1 million homes, we compared the prevalence of smoking among 33,000 deceased women and 41,000 deceased men (case subjects) with the prevalence of smoking among 35,000 living women and 43,000 living men (unmatched contr...
There are substantial social inequalities in adult male mortality in many countries. Smoking is often more prevalent among men of lower social class, education, or income. The contribution of smoking to these social inequalities in mortality remains uncertain.
The contribution of smoking to adult mortality in a population can be estimated indirectl...
To examine the relationship between smoking and risk of esophageal cancer (EC), and present a theoretical framework of control selection in population-based case-control study which was incorporated into a nationwide retrospective survey of mortality in China.
A large-scale population-based case-control study was incorporated into the nationwide re...
Mortality rates for 1973-75 were taken from the nationwide survey that had been done during the mid-1970s for other purposes, and mortality rates for 1986-88 were from a special survey carried out in 1989-90 as part of the present study. Many of the causes assigned in the 1973-75 survey are less specific than those assigned in the later survey, alt...
Fasting 10 ml venous blood samples were collected from 8,280 individuals in mainland China in trace-mineral-free heparinized vacutainers, which were placed on ice in light-free vacuum jars. Samples were transported to the county laboratory within about four hours of the last blood draw of the day. Upon arrival at the county laboratory, blood sample...
To help assess the reliability of the methods used in the 1989 survey, a repeat survey using those same methods was carried out in 1993. Thirteen counties in mainland China that represent a good north-south mix and a range of affluence levels were included (counties AC, BA, CB, CC, FA, HA, KB, LC, ND, QA, AC, RA and TD). In each, the re-survey was...
Local survey teams were trained to administer the questionnaires, make physical measurements, collect blood and urine samples and conduct the dietary survey. Aggregate information about the survey xiangs and villages was also gathered, through interviews with officials at the appropriate administrative levels. Two questionnaires focusing on mothers...
1. County mortality rates during the three-year period 1973-75, subdivided into a limited number of specific causes (or groups of causes), were taken from a previous nationwide study.
2. County mortality rates during the three-year period 1986-88, subdivided into many specific causes, were derived from our individual review and ICD-9 coding of 300,...
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
The 2,400 counties that comprise rural China, with an average population of a few hundred thousand per county, differ greatly from each other in the ways the local populations live and in the main diseases by which they die. Many of these differences in lifestyle and disease rates have persisted for centuries. Even though in recent decades there ha...
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
A 12-hour urine collection was to be done in mainland China and Taiwan (from males only) on two separate days, once after a small (500 mg) oral dose of proline and once after the same dose of proline together with enough ascorbate (200 mg) to inhibit virtually all gastric nitrosation of amino acids for as long as the proline was still in the stomac...
In 1983, a survey of biochemistry, diet and lifestyle was undertaken in 65 of the 69 counties. In 1989, a more detailed survey was undertaken in all 69 of the counties, involving analyses of samples from adults aged 35 to 64 of plasma, of red blood cells, and, from men only, of urine; a three-day weighed household dietary survey, used to estimate a...
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
This book analyses patterns in rural China in the late 1980s: patterns of causes of death, of what people ate, what they smoked and drank, what kinds of houses they lived in, what they worked at, their education, and many measurements of their blood (for cholesterol, vitamins, evidence of infectious disease) and urine (for food metabolites and othe...
Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomise...
Comparisons of survival rates of given diseases with different treatments or in different places often gave misleading results until the introduction of controlled trials. Recent reports of relatively low survival rates following the treatment of cancer in the UK compared to the rates in other countries, not based on controlled trials, may conseque...
A total of 34,439 male British doctors, who reported their smoking habits in November 1951, were followed, with periodic up date of changes in their habits, until death, emigration, censoring. or November 2001. Information was obtained about their mortality from 28 of the 30 types of cancer in men reviewed by the International Agency for Research o...
To relate alcohol consumption patterns to mortality in an elderly population.
We undertook a 23-year prospective study of 12 000 male British doctors aged 48-78 years in 1978, involving 7000 deaths. Questionnaires about drinking and smoking were completed in 1978 and once again in 1989-91. Mortality analyses are standardized for age, follow-up dura...
O objectivo deste estudo foi mostrar o efeito do tabaco na mortalidade (subdividida por períodos de data de nascimento) e avaliar a influência da cessação de fumar em diferentes idades no risco de mortalidade.
To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods, and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages.
Prospective study that has continued from 1951 to 2001.
United Kingdom.
34 439 male British doctors. Information about their smoking habits was obtained in 1951...
Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis are common causes of death in China, where chronic lifelong hepatitis B infection is a major cause of both diseases. To help determine whether smoking is a cofactor for the development of liver cancer, we ascertained retrospectively the smoking habits of 36,000 adults who had died from liver cancer (cases) and 17,00...
O objectivo deste estudo foi mostrar o efeito do tabaco na mortalidade (subdividida por períodos de data de nascimento) e avaliar a influência da cessação de fumar em diferentes idades no risco de mortalidade.
Tobacco, especially cigarette, smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), responsible for about one third of all CVD deaths in most Western populations. The risk of CVD death increases with increasing exposure to cigarette smoke, as measured by the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the duration of smoking, the degree of inhalation a...
To assess the possible association between smoking and dementia.
Prospective study.
Cohort of British male doctors followed up since 1951.
34 439 male British doctors, with 24 133 deaths recorded.
For all types of dementia combined the relative risk was 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.18), based on 473 deaths at a mean age of 81 years. For...
Assessing combined anti-platelet therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Aspirin has been shown to be effective in the emergency treatment of acute myocardial infarction. It irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase and thereby prevents the formation of the platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2. Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet ag...
Editor—Liu et al used the term “proportional mortality study” to describe their method of comparing the smoking habits of 0.7 million adults who died of neoplastic, respiratory, or vascular causes with those of a reference group of 0.2 million who died of other causes in China.1 The term can be confusing as it is used only for proportional mortalit...
The largest study ever undertaken to examine the health effects of tobacco finds that there are already a million deaths a year from smoking in China, and it predicts large increases in mortality over the next few decades. This pattern is likely to be repeated in other developing countries.
To assess the hazards at an early phase of the growing epidemic of deaths from tobacco in China.
Smoking habits before 1980 (obtained from family or other informants) of 0.7 million adults who had died of neoplastic, respiratory, or vascular causes were compared with those of a reference group of 0.2 million who had died of other causes.
24 urban a...
To monitor the evolving epidemic of mortality from tobacco in China following the large increase in male cigarette use in recent decades.
Prospective study of smoking and mortality starting with 224 500 interviewees who should eventually be followed for some decades.
45 nationally representative small urban or rural areas distributed across China....
Objective: To monitor the evolving epidemic of mortality due to tobacco use in China that has followed the large increase in cigarette use among males in recent decades.
Design: A prospective study of cigarette smoking and mortality, starting with interviews with 224 500 men who will be followed-up for some decades.
Setting: 45 nationally represent...
Objective To compare the effect on the course of advanced prostate cancer of hormone treatment commenced on diagnosis with that deferred until clinically significant progression occurs.
Patients and methods Nine hundred and thirty-eight patients with locally advanced or asymptomatic metastatic prostate cancer were randomized either to immediate tre...
This chapter describes a geographical correlation study involving age-standardized mortality rates from almost 100 separate causes or groups of causes in sixty-five rural counties in China, plus a representative survey of almost 300 characteristics of the populations in each of these counties. The study may be used either directly or indirectly for...
China, with 20% of the world’s population, produces and consumes about 30% of the world’s cigarettes, and already suffers about a million deaths a year from tobacco. This is more than in any other country, and the hazards are expected to increase substantially during the next few decades, over and above the effects of demographic changes, as a dela...
Estimates are made of the numbers and proportions of death attributable to smoking in 44 developed countries in 1990. In developed
countries as a whole, tobacco was responsible for 24% of all male deaths and 7% of all female deaths, rising to over 40% in
men in some former socialist economies and 17% in women in the USA. The average loss of life fo...
Over the last few years, the University of Oxford, the World Health Organization, and the American Cancer Society have been collaborating on the quantification of tobacco-attributable mortality in counties with reliable data. It is widely known that smoking is hazardous, but few people understand just how great the risks of smoking are. In order to...
Overnight urine samples were collected from approximately 60 male adults in each of 69 counties of China in 1989. Two specimens were collected from each subject--one after a loading dose of proline and ascorbic acid and another after a loading dose of proline only. Levels of N-nitrosamino acids and nitrate were measured in urine samples and correla...
A total of 277 patients with apparently localised prostatic cancer (T2-T4 NXMO) were allocated at random to receive radiotherapy alone (88), orchiectomy alone (90) and combined therapy (99) between 1980 and 1985. The main outcome measures were survival, time to appearance of metastases and treatment of local disease progression by further transuret...
Prolonged cigarette smoking causes even more deaths from other diseases than from lung cancer. In developed countries, the absolute age-sex-specific lung cancer rates can be used to indicate the approximate proportions due to tobacco of deaths not only from lung cancer itself but also, indirectly, from vascular disease and from various other catego...
The comparison of blood levels of oestradiol, testosterone, prolactin, and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was made of 3250 rural Chinese and 300 British women, aged 35 to 64. To reduce the number of assays performed the blood samples were combined so as to form 390 and 30 pools, respectively.
The Chinese had significantly less oestradiol and t...
Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher i...
To examine the geographic association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer, we have assessed the prevalence of IgG antibodies to H. pylori in plasma samples taken in 1983 from 1882 men, aged 35-64 years, in 46 rural counties of the People's Republic of China. The gastric cancer mortality rates in these countries in 1973-75 varie...
Urinary excretion of riboflavin was measured in 3318 adults 4 h after an oral dose of riboflavin. Male and female subjects aged 35-64 years were selected from 65 mostly rural counties located in 24 provinces of China. Counties were selected to represent a range of seven of the most prevalent cancer mortality rates in China and within counties house...
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Citations
... Los investigadores aplicaron una encuesta epidemiológica y bioquímica en 65 condados de la China continental, que evaluaron 367 variables entre 100 adultos por condado. Se estudiaron Chen et al., 2006) Este extraordinario estudio arrojó un retrato muy completo de la asociación entre dieta, hábitos y enfermedad que permitió comparar la situación muy variable en la China rural, que apenas empezaba a sentir los efectos de la "occidentalización" de su dieta en aquel momento, con las condiciones reportadas por las sociedades industrializadas como Estados Unidos. El estudio reveló una gran variabilidad en los patrones de mortalidad en los diferentes condados de China, lo que permitió estudiar muchas variables nutricionales y su asociación con enfermedades mortales. ...
... The health system is focused particularly on primary care and disease prevention, which has delivered substantial reductions in infant mortality over the last few decades but death rates in middle age remain high [10]. Cardiovascular disease accounts for one-third of all premature deaths in Cuba [11], yet substantial uncertainty remains about the relevance of major metabolic risk factors to cardiovascular mortality in this population. We report the associations of blood pressure, diabetes and body-mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular mortality in a large, population-based prospective study of 146,556 adults in Cuba. ...
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... Smoking cessation (SC) reduces the risk of premature death by 40% if individuals who smoke quit before 60 years of age and by 90% if individuals who smoke quit before 40 years of age [1,2]. Therefore, a reduction in smoking prevalence is a highly desirable prevention goal. ...
... The sheer number of dieases and deaths caused by tobacco underscores the importance of tobacco control as an urgent global health priority (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), especially for women, with their special physiological conditions which are different from males, the harm of smoking to them deserves more attention (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The nicotine in tobacco can reduce the production of estrogen in women, which can lead to disorders in the body and the development of tumors (10,11). ...
... The Chinese Male Cohort observed risk of stroke mortality elevated for a 10 μg/m 3 increase with a HR of 1.14 (95% CI, 1.13-1.16) (Yin et al., 2017), but the study was only recruited male participants (Niu et al., 1998). The China-PAR study covered 15 provinces across China with an average follow-up of 7.6 years among 116,792 participants, which reported the HR of stroke mortality was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.05-1.18) ...
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... Locoregional control is also key in breast cancer treatment, with a significant impact on survival [5]. It has been reported that most breast cancer locoregional recurrence events occur within the first 5 years after initial treatment [6,7] and follow-up programs have been designed to cover early detection on that period. ...
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... A total of 15 RCTs [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] with 97692 intention-to-treat participants were identified for inclusion from 86 potentially relevant publications. Eight studies had publications of their rationales and designs [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] . The details for exclusion of publications and the number of studies finally included in the review were showed inFigure 1, according to the PRISMA statement [9]. ...
... Approximately 30-40% of patients with ER-expressing advanced breast cancer will have an objective response to hormone treatment, and a further 20% of patients will achieve disease stabilisation. Moreover, the hormone therapy response in patients with early ER-expressing breast cancer, in terms of overall and disease-free survival, is well known (Dowset, 2015). Hormone therapy is relatively non-toxic. ...
... ADT is effective in improving patients' quality of life by reducing bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and ureteral obstruction, which are symptoms specific to advanced PC, such as bone metastases or local enlargement of PC [18,44,45]. However, ADT has various adverse effects, such as hot flashes [46][47][48][49][50], sexual dysfunction [46,[49][50][51][52], breast enlargement [48,49,53,54], depression [49,55], dementia [56][57][58][59][60][61], osteoporosis [62][63][64][65][66], obesity [46,67], diabetes [68][69][70][71][72][73], and cardiovascular (CV) toxicity [68,[74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. ...
... In 2016, 35.2% of Russians reported heavy alcohol use (defined by the World Health Organization as consuming ≥ 60 g of pure alcohol on at least one occasion in the past 30 days) [1]. These elevated drinking levels lead to high rates of alcohol-related mortality and disability adjusted life years [2,3]. Additionally, there is both a high prevalence of HIV and a growing epidemic in Russia. ...
