August 2023
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7 Reads
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10 Citations
Renewable Energy
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August 2023
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7 Reads
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10 Citations
Renewable Energy
June 2023
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71 Reads
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5 Citations
Processes
For further resource utilization of solid waste steel slag and the reduction in biodiesel production costs, this study used steel slag as a carrier to synthesize a CaO-CeO2/slag solid base catalyst for the effective transesterification of palm oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The synthesis involved a two-step impregnation of steel slag with nitrate of calcium and cerium and thermal activation at 800 °C for 180 min. Then, the catalysts’ textural, chemical, and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption properties were characterized. The catalytic activity depended highly on the ratio of Ca-Ce to steel slag mass; the CaO-CeO2/slag-0.8 catalyst showed outstanding performance. Characterization showed that the surface area and total basicity of the Ca-Ce/slag-0.8 catalyst were 3.66 m2/g and 1.289 mmol/g, respectively. The reactivity results showed that FAMEs obtained using 7 wt.% catalyst, 9:1 of methanol-to-palm-oil molar ratio, 180 min reaction duration, and 70 °C reaction temperature was optimum (i.e., 95.3% yield). In addition, the CaO-CeO2/slag-0.8 catalyst could be reused for at least three cycles, retaining 91.2% of FAMEs yield after n-hexane washing. Hence, the catalyst exhibits an excellent potential for cost-effective and environmentally friendly biodiesel production.
... In fact, steel slags without any modification have been successfully employed as catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel under conventional heating using soybean oil as the feedstock, [15] while doped waste steel slags have been used for the transesterification of palm oil. [16] However, in the presence of neat steel slags long reaction time (12 h) and high temperatures (120°C) have been required to reach reaction completion, with edible oils being used as starting feedstock, [15] making the whole process economically inconvenient. Indeed, it is world-wide recognized that microwave irradiation ensures a more efficient and faster heating than conventional methods, enabling a considerable energy saving. ...
June 2023
Processes