Jérôme Yelnik's research while affiliated with French National Centre for Scientific Research and other places

... Vertebrates also rely on the muscular hydrostatic principle to interact with the environment, but minimally: the only muscular hydrostatic organs in vertebrates are the tongue and the elephant trunk 17 . These muscular hydrostats, especially tongues, do seem to be represented in the brain somatotopically 20 . Interestingly, substantial similarities have been found between the motor control strategies of the elephant trunk 21 and the octopus arm. ...

... Alonso et al. estimated a mean reduction of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score of 45.1% and a global percentage of responders of 60.0% (37). Moreover, long-term data demonstrated sustained improvement for the responders (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46). Despite these impressive results, only very few potential candidates receive DBS for OCD (47). ...

... Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used in the treatment of various types of drugresistant dystonia, and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is the most commonly used stimulation target (Kupsch et al., 2006;Volkmann et al., 2014;Meoni et al., 2017;Sobstyl et al., 2017;Tsuboi et al., 2020). Although its safety and efficacy have been proven, stimulation-induced side effects are frequent and insurmountable (Balint et al., 2018;Kosutzka et al., 2020). The high energy consumption of DBS is another drawback (Lin et al., 2019). ...

... network basis of depression is well known, especially with respect to the role of GABAergic and serotonergic systems 54,55 , and there is longstanding evidence regarding the role of various neurotransmission networks throughout the brain in the development and progression of schizophrenia [56][57][58] . Similar data have emerged for the network basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder [59][60][61][62] . As such, these neuropsychiatric disorders could be investigated for potential treatment with BStim. ...

... On the neuroanatomical level, arousal is mediated by neuronal populations in the ascending reticular activating system and associated network, comprising of the rostral brain stem, tegmentum, diencephalon and projections to the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia [11,12]. Hence, all cerebral pathologies compromising these circuitries may lead to unconsciousness, although prognoses may differ [13]. Neurotransmitter modulation of human consciousness may be disrupted during acute brain injury [14] and alterations in glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and orexin have been described providing a possible pharmacologic target to promote repair and restoration of neural pathways in disorders of consciousness [15]. ...

... Specifically, tic expression appears causally related to a widespread network that includes insular and cingulate cortices, striatum and in particular the anterior putamen, as well as the internal globus pallidus, thalamus, and the cerebellum (Ganos et al. 2022). Although the specific target for deep brain stimulation to treat severe TS patients remains open to debate, the best improvement has been obtained following stimulation of the anterior internal pallidum (Akbarian-Tefaghi et al. 2017;Welter et al. 2017), or centro-median/parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (Welter et al. 2008;Baldermann et al. 2021). For the majority of patients, 50-60% alleviation of symptoms was obtained after 1 year of chronic stimulation with a significant reduction in motor, simple vocal or complex tics, self-injurious behaviors and coprolalia (Welter et al. 2008;Martinez-Ramirez et al. 2018;Johnson et al. 2019;Johnson, Duff ley, Anderson, et al. 2020). ...

... The implantation procedure itself may cause surgical complications [63,64]. While stimulation-induced side effects are often reversible or may be attenuated by change in stimulation parameters [65], they can sometimes make it impossible to achieve satisfying therapeutical effect [66]. Some side effects, especially of STN DBS, may affect behavior and mood, for example causing mania [67], depression [68,69] or ,very rarely, suicide attempts [70]. ...

... In this study, individual anatomical variability was partially accounted for by translation of pathways to the patientspecific space using a subcortical normalization strategy . Nevertheless, the proposed method of optimal activation profile derivation could be applied for basal ganglia pathways directly reconstructed from patient data as described in Pujol et al. (2017). ...

... Les principaux effets secondaires de cette technique sont ceux liés à l'intervention chirurgicale [112] . Initialement développée en neurologie, notamment dans la maladie de Parkinson, la DBS est un traitement prometteur, surtout développé pour la prise en charge des troubles obsessions compulsifs [113] et de la dépression résistante. Toutefois, les résultats de la DBS restent aujourd'hui difficiles à prédire à l'échelle du patient, et cette technique n'est pratiquée que dans certains centres spécialisés [114] . ...

... The association of FOG severity alleviation and the dorsolateral two-thirds of the STN is not surprising given that previous studies have mentioned the optimal targets of STN-DBS on FOG from the perspective of clinical experience. Fleury et al. 28 proposed that deteriorating stimulation sites were mostly dorsal and anterior to the STN in the anterior zona incerta and Forel fields H2. Khoo et al. 29 reported that the optimal stimulation sites of high-and low-frequency stimulations (HFS and LFS) are different, and the optimal regions of HFS are more lateral compared to LFS. ...