Jeremy P. Loenneke's research while affiliated with University of Mississippi and other places
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Publications (508)
Objective
Handgrip strength may differ depending on the type of sport played during the developmental period. Youth sports in which athletes hold equipment in their hands may be the most effective for improving handgrip strength. This study aimed to examine the age at which differences in handgrip strength appear by comparing sports that involve gr...
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologi...
In this chapter we present an overview of periodisation introduceing and discussing its definition and historical development. We then consider the common argument that strength and hypertrophic adaptations are optimised through the application of periodisation, and provide alternative interpretations that we think likely reflect more parsimonious...
Objectives:
(1) To examine the muscle thickness of various muscle groups of the body to estimate the absolute and relative skeletal muscle mass (SM) in competitive physique-based athletes (Bodybuilding, 212 Bodybuilding, Bikini, and Physique divisions) and (2) to compare values across various divisions of competition and to resistance trained and...
Free play in kindergarten can be roughly divided into fine and gross motor activities, but the effects of these activities on improving handgrip strength are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to compare one-year changes in handgrip strength and forearm flexor muscle size in children separated by preferred play in a kindergarten. One hundred and eleven c...
Handgrip strength as a biomarker is being studied as a factor in predicting disease onset. However, the effect of improving handgrip strength through physical exercises, such as sports during the developmental period, on disease prevention has yet to be fully elucidated. The Juntendo Fitness Plus (J-Fit Plus) Study is a unique database of anthropom...
Background:
Grip strength is a marker of future health conditions and is mainly generated by the extrinsic flexor muscles of the fingers. Therefore, whether or not there is a relationship between grip strength and forearm muscle size is vital in considering strategies for grip strength development during growth. Thus, this study aimed to examine t...
Background:
To evaluate the effects of recumbent sprint interval exercise with and without blood flow restriction and body cooling on interference control and whether the changes in interference control can be explained by the changes in blood lactate.
Methods:
85 participants (22 SD 3 years old) completed 1 familiarization visit and then 5 expe...
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia refers to a reduction in pain sensitivity following a single bout of exercise, which has been shown to be diminished or impaired with aging and chronic pain. Exercise training (repeated bouts of exercise over time) is often recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain and age-related functional declin...
Objectives:
Within-subject training models have become common within the exercise literature. However, it is currently unknown if training one arm with a high load would impact muscle size and strength of the opposing arm training with a low load.
Design:
Parallel group.
Methods:
116 participants were randomized to one of three groups that com...
Objectives:
The factors involved in changes in grip strength (GS) during growth/development are not well known. Findings from cross-sectional studies have indicated that digit lengths are associated with physical fitness, including GS. This study aimed to investigate the association of changes in GS over 1 year and the second (2D) and fourth (4D)...
Objective:
Evidence suggests that acquiring a high level of handgrip strength early in life and maintaining that strength throughout life may be important for health. In addition, it is thought that sports activities performed during the developmental period are effective in improving handgrip strength, but it is unknown what types of sports are m...
Previous work has found that wide cuffs produce greater discomfort with elbow flexion exercise than narrower cuffs. It is our hypothesis that this is due to the balling up of the biceps underneath the cuff that is more pronounced with a wider cuff. One method to test this is through an upper body exercise where there is no contraction of the biceps...
Kataoka, R, Song, JS, Bell, ZW, Wong, V, Spitz, RW, Yamada, Y, and Loenneke, JP. Effect of increased pressure pain threshold on resistance exercise performance with blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study aimed to examine whether increasing pressure pain threshold (PPT) through isometric handgrip exercise (HG) af...
The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle growth mediates increases in a strength task which was not directly trained. One hundred fifty‐one participants were randomized into control, one‐repetition maximum training (1RM‐TRAIN), or traditional training (TRAD‐TRAIN). Training groups performed isotonic elbow flexion 3x/week for six weeks....
Objectives:
Concerns have been raised against the current two-sex binary category in sports competitions. The thesis states that if males and females were separated based on muscle size, it would negate the strength advantage between the sexes. We tested the possible sex differences in various strength outcomes when pair-matched for muscle thickne...
Blood flow restriction pressures are typically set as a percentage of the arterial occlusion pressure. For those who do not have the ability to measure the arterial occlusion pressure, estimation equations are available. However, notable considerations are needed when estimating pressure with a narrow cuff (5 cm) in the lower body. A previously pub...
Background
Isotonic exercise is the most common mode of strength training. Isotonic strength is often measured in the movement that was exercised, but isometric and isokinetic movements are also commonly used to quantify changes in muscular strength. Previous research suggests that increasing strength in one movement may not lead to an increase in...
Background and Aim
It was unknown whether ultrasound-measured forearm muscle thickness was impacted by pronation of the forearm. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of forearm pronation on two forearm muscle thicknesses (MT-ulna and MT-radius).
Participants and Methods
Fourteen healthy children and adolescents sat on a chair wit...
Background:
Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of health in both children and adults. Evidence suggests that without a possible strategy, children with low HGS may become adults with low HGS. However, little is known about what strategies are effective for children with low HGS to achieve a higher baseline level in adulthood. This narrative re...
Purpose: To 1) examine whether blood flow restriction would provide an additional exercise-induced hypoalgesic response at an upper and lower limb when it is incorporated with low-load resistance exercise until failure, and 2) examine if increases in blood pressure and discomfort, with blood flow restricted exercise, would mediate the exercise-indu...
The aim of this study was to determine whether increases in post-exercise endocrine response to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and high-load resistance exercise would have association with increases in muscle size and strength after an 8-week training period. Twenty-nine untrained men were randomly allocated into three gro...
It is well-established that a single bout of exercise can reduce pain sensitivity (i.e., exercise-induced hypoalgesia) in healthy individuals. However, exercise-induced hypoalgesia is often impaired in individuals with chronic pain. This might suggest that repeated bouts of exercise (i.e., exercise training) are needed in order to induce a reductio...
Body composition (BC) is a frequently assessed component of health-related fitness. A variety of field methods can be used to measure BC including bioelectrical impedance analysis and
skinfolds. Recently a portable computer-based ultrasound (US) system has also become commercially available for estimating BC.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was...
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of blood flow restriction training on resting blood pressure and heart rate. A meta-analysis was completed in May 2020 including all previously published papers on blood flow restriction and was analyzed using a random effects model. To be included, studies needed to implement a blood flo...
Objective: There is a lack of information about whether preschool-aged children are providing maximal attempts when measuring maximal strength. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between handgrip strength and fore arm muscle size across the age ranges, including children three years old. Design and Methods: A total of 166 pr...
Increased plasma volume is often reported as a cause or symptom of hypertension in individuals with obesity. However, these individuals are often compared to normal weight normotensive individuals. Since higher plasma volumes have been reported in larger individuals, it is possible that plasma volume is actually lower in obese hypertensive individu...
Objective:
A Smedley hand dynamometer is one of the standard devices for measuring handgrip strength (HGS) for children and adults. The aim was to compare the HGS values using two different types of dynamometers (Grip-A or Grip-D) in young children. To enable comparison between the two devices, we have redesigned the Grip-D (i.e., modified Grip-D)...
Background
Orthostatic intolerance occurs in some astronauts following space flight. Although orthostatic blood pressure responses should normalize in the weeks following the return to Earth, there may be situations where an immediate short-term solution is necessary (e.g., emergency evacuation).
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine di...
It is suggested that experience is needed in order to capture valid estimates of muscle size with ultrasound. However, it is unknown whether there is a large degree of skill needed to analyze the images once they are captured. Objective: To determine if less experienced raters could accurately analyze ultrasound images of the forearm by comparing t...
Isometric handgrip exercise has been suggested to promote some health‐related factors (e.g., lowering blood pressure). However, there is a need to evaluate whether this type of exercise can be included as an option to elicit these health‐related outcomes. The purpose of the article was to systematically review the acute and chronic effects of isome...
Objective:
The previous results from cross-sectional studies indicate that there could be alterations across time in handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry. One way to investigate this is to test the same children multiple times. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the laterality of HGS in healthy young children at two different time points separated by a...
Objectives: To determine if different mechanisms, i.e., changes in one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength (Δ1RM) or vascular conductance (ΔVC), mediate changes in endurance (ΔEND) following training with 70% 1RM (70/0), 15% 1RM (15/0), and 15% 1RM with blood flow restriction using 40% (15/40) or 80% (15/80) arterial occlusion pressure. Design: Secon...
Objectives: To maintain proper development, it is recommended that children/adolescents focus more on increasing physical activity than dietary restriction when treating obesity. In other words, adults are better able to tolerate the reductions in fat-free body mass that often occur when trying to lose fat mass. In contrast, children and adolescent...
The purpose was to examine the effect of isometric handgrip exercise with and without blood flow restriction on exercise-induced hypoalgesia at a local and non-local site, and its underlying mechanisms. Sixty participants (21 males & 39 females, 18–35 years old) completed 3 trials: four sets of 2-minute isometric handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum...
Bell, ZW, Spitz, RW, Wong, V, Yamada, Y, Song, JS, Abe, T, and Loenneke, JP. Can individuals be taught to sense the degree of vascular occlusion? A comparison of methods and implications for practical blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3359-3365, 2022-The study objective was to determine whether subjects could be conditioned to a r...
Objective
To investigate the role of muscle thickness changes on changes in strength following 6 weeks of unaccustomed resistance training, via retrospective analysis.Methods151 participants completed 6 weeks of no intervention (CONTROL), one-repetition maximum training (1RM-TRAIN), or traditional resistance training (TRAD-TRAIN). Groups were assig...
The aim of this multi-experiment paper was to explore the concept of the minimum effective training dose (METD) required to increase 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) strength in powerlifting (PL) athletes. The METD refers to the least amount of training required to elicit meaningful increases in 1RM strength. A series of five studies utilising mixed meth...
Impaired proprioception can provide faulty sensory feedback to the brain during movement, resulting in an increased risk of injury. Although several safety concerns about blood flow restricted exercise have been investigated, no research has observed how this exercise affects proprioception. Objectives: To investigate the effects of walking with an...
Aim
Diseases and bed rest may result in decreased muscle size and function. While exercise is recommended as a countermeasure, there are times when diseases or injuries make it difficult for the patient to partake in an exercise intervention. Pharmaceutical interventions using a myostatin inhibitor, BYM338, have been investigated as a way to increa...
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether isometric handgrip exercise, with or without blood flow restriction, would alter interference control and feelings. 60 healthy young adults completed three experimental visits, consisting of four sets of two‐minutes isometric handgrip exercise, at 30% of maximal strength with or without blood flo...
IntroductionUnderstanding the impact of lockdown upon resistance training (RT), and how people adapted their RT behaviours, has implications for strategies to maintain engagement in similar positive health behaviours. Further, doing so will provide a baseline for investigation of the long-term effects of these public health measures upon behaviours...
The aim of this multi-experiment paper was to explore the concept of the minimum effective training dose (METD) required to increase 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) strength in powerlifting (PL) athletes. The METD refers to the least amount of training required to elicit meaningful increases in 1RM strength. A series of 5 studies utilising mixed methods...
Exercise and low-calorie diets are common approaches taken to produce an energy deficit for weight loss in obesity. Changes in visceral and abdominal subcutaneous fat associated with weight loss are important questions but have not yet been concluded. We investigated the relationship between changes in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue...
s
Objective
To review past literature regarding exercise-induced hypoalgesia and pain reduction following blood flow restriction interventions, and to discuss potential mechanisms as well as future considerations towards the efficacy of blood flow restriction in pain reduction following exercise.
Methods
To be eligible for inclusion, studies had...
This systematic review and meta‐analysis examined studies on the chronic effects of exergames on muscle strength in humans. PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, Web of Science, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, and Google Scholar were searched, and manual searches of the reference lists of included studies and hand‐searches on Physiotherapy Evidence Databas...
The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide infor...
Background
It has been observed that gluteal-femoral adipose tissue has a protective effect against risk factors for cardiovascular disease but has not yet been concluded how different evaluation methods of fat distribution affect the results.
Methods
To test the hypothesis that B-mode ultrasound-measured subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution i...
Over the past several decades, periodization has been widely accepted as the gold standard of training theory. Within the literature, there are numerous definitions for periodization, which makes it difficult to study. When examining the proposed definitions and related studies on periodization, problems arise in the following domains: (1) periodiz...
Blood flow restriction, in combination with low load/intensity exercise, has consistently been shown to increase both muscle size and strength. In contrast, the effects of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition have not been well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is 1) to review the currently available literature investigating the...
Fat-free mass (FFM) estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and densitometric methods (e.g. underwater weighing or air-displacement plethysmography) contains the fat-free component of adipose tissue. Weight loss reduces triglycerides in adipocytes and this automatically reduces the fat-free component of adipose tissue (assuming the fat...
Previous work in non‐resistance trained individuals has found that an increase in muscle size has no additive effect on changes in strength. However, is thought that muscle growth is of increased importance for resistance trained individuals.
Purpose
Experiment 1: To examine changes in muscle thickness (MT), and one repetition maximum (1RM) streng...
Accumulating research provides suggestive evidence that acute aerobic exercise may, potentially, enhance episodic memory function post-exercise. Limited research has evaluated whether acute resistance exercise may also enhance episodic memory post-exercise. Further, whether these two exercise modalities have a differential effect on post-exercise e...
We recently reported the fat fraction percentage of white adipose tissue in adolescents and adults measured by the water-fat separation method, but there was limited discussion about the change in adipose tissue fat fraction with growth. The purpose of this updated review was to examine the fat content of white (subcutaneous) adipose tissue during...
Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue composed of closely packed adipocytes with collagenous and elastic fibers. These adipocytes store triglycerides at a high percentage and the estimate of this amount is important for the calculation of body fat mass. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures adipose tissue volume, but adipos...
It is unclear whether the measurement of maximum muscle strength in younger children can be performed accurately due to factors such as motivation and maturity (i.e., the ability to receive instruction). If there is a large change in a ratio between muscular strength and size from the youngest to the oldest, then this might provide some indication...
