Jennifer W. Spencer's research while affiliated with George Washington University and other places

... The strength of the institutional entrepreneurial support that surrounds the companies is heavily related to the entrepreneurial activity and performance of the company and the country in general (Bowen & De Clercq, 2008;Walter & Block, 2016). Valdez and Richardson (2013) argue that the institution (Busenitz et al., 2000) sets norms and standards of behavior, reinforcing certain behaviors and ways of thinking of society in general and entrepreneurs in specific. The institution is also seen as a shared value that governs social and economic behavior and exchange in a certain country (Chiles et al., 2016;Gupta et al., 2014). ...

... While Hicks's (1995) article was produced at a time when there were few empirical studies on the phenomenon, more recent research has often examined the motivations for firms to publish not as the main focus of investigation, but in relation to other industrial and firm-level dynamics (e.g. the innovative and financial performance of firms, the development of research capabilities, university-industry collaborations) and drawing on a range of theories, frameworks, and concepts. These include studies building on institutional theory (Gittelman and Kogut, 2003;Nelson, 2016;Sauermann and Stephan, 2013), signalling theory (Polidoro, 2013;Spencer, 2001), the resource-based view of the firm (Alexy et al., 2013;Tijssen, 2004), economics of science (Sauermann and Roach, 2014;Stern, 2004), absorptive capacity (Arora et al., 2018;Simeth and Cincera, 2016), and open science (Ding, 2011;Simeth and Raffo, 2013). As a result, we still lack a fine-grained and comprehensive understanding of what incentives lead firms to engage in disclosure in the form of publications in scientific journals. ...

... Yet, how to begin this virtuous cycle is less clear as much of the prior work (done in the context of Western institutions) assumes both enforcement and trust in regulatory institutions critical to technology, like patent protection, contract enforcement and ownership regulations. For example, although Japan had also passed its own Bayh-Dole act, firms have continued to rely less on university research than in the United States (Spencer 2001, Grimaldi et al. 2011. The nonregulatory institutions behind these differences across contexts are less well-explored in the literature. ...

... The entrepreneurial institutional environment refers to the connection between the entrepreneur and the external environment (Clercq et al., 2010;Arun et al., 2020). It is a series of internal and external factors that influence entrepreneurship (Busenitz, et al., 2000;Scott, 2001;Sun et al., 2020;Haddad et al., 2021). Previous empirical studies confirm that the institutional environment decisively determines the level and type of entrepreneurial activities. ...

... In addition, technology outflows require the integration of R&D, production, and business marketing ( Rosenberg and Nelson 1994). When a diversity of R&D human capital is available, it can provide solutions for technological problems (Spencer 2001). Technology outflow entails the searching for, identifying, adapting, and diffusing technology. ...

... How governments might stimulate the emergence of the space industry in their economies is an open question and depends on multiple factors. Among them, one may cite: the availability of resources, the international positioning of the country, availability of financing, existing restrictions and regulations, high costs of research and development, availability of suppliers, the national political institutional structure (Spencer et al. 2005). ...

... n t systemic review of knowledge sharing and innovation, the positive relationship between the two variables has been frequently studied, as early as 1973 (Castaneda & Cuellar, 2020). Knowledge sharing has been linked to innovation and innovation speed and, ultimately, to positive firm performance (Spencer, 2003;Wang & Wang, 2012;Chen & Huang, 2009;Lin, 2007;Inemek & Matthyssens, 2013). Wang and Wang (2012) find that the speed of innovation at successful B2B firms derives from both explicit and tacit knowledge. ...

... A well-elaborated system of incentives and rewards, combined with supportive social norms and cultural values, substantially decreases the risk of starting and expanding a business (Bruton et al., 2008). Importantly, institutional support does not only explain differences in entrepreneurial activity between countries (Spencer & Gómez, 2004;Valdez & Richardson, 2013) but also the perceptions of institutional entrepreneurial support explain individual differences in entrepreneurial activity (Gupta et al., 2014;Manolova et al., 2008;Urbano et al., 2019). Roxas and Coetzer (2012), for example, show that the entrepreneur's perception of the country's institutional entrepreneurial environment is related to the environmental sustainability orientation of her/his firm. ...

... Empirical To map firms' scientific publication activity Firm 413 Swedish firms and 517 industrial units in these firms (1986( ) Spencer (2000 Empirical To examine country-level differences in firms' behaviours on appropriating and sharing scientific knowledge ...