Jeffrey E Max's research while affiliated with University of California, San Diego and other places
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Publications (111)
While traditionally ignored as a region purely responsible for motor function, the cerebellum is increasingly being appreciated for its contributions to higher-order functions through cerebro-cerebellar networks. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research generally focuses on the cerebrum, in part because of the frequency of acute pathology. Acute patho...
Introduction
Childhood trauma is known to have dramatic effects on the risks for developing psychiatric disorders and increased suicidality. We conducted a meta-analysis of whole brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) correlates of childhood trauma in adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment ( N = 379) and unexposed controls ( N = 348).
Methods...
Adolescence is a crucial time for social development, especially for helping (prosocial) and compassionate behaviors; yet brain networks involved in adolescent prosociality and compassion currently remain underexplored. Here, we sought to evaluate a recently proposed domain-general developmental (Do-GooD) network model of prosocial cognition by rel...
Objective:
To investigate the factors predictive of novel psychiatric disorders in the interval 0-6 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods:
Children ages 5-14 years consecutively hospitalized for mild to severe TBI at five hospitals were recruited. Participants were evaluated at baseline (soon after injury) for pre-injury charact...
Objective:
The investigators examined the factors predictive of novel oppositional defiant disorder in the 6-12 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods:
Children ages 5-14 years old who experienced a TBI were recruited from consecutive admissions to five hospitals. Participants were evaluated soon after injury (baseline) for prein...
Objective:
The investigators aimed to assess predictive factors of novel oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) among children and adolescents in the first 6 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods:
Children ages 5-14 years who experienced a TBI were recruited from consecutive admissions to five hospitals. Testing of a biopsychosocia...
The objective was to clarify occurrence, phenomenology, and risk factors for novel psychiatric disorder (NPD) in the first 3-months after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopedic injury (OI). Children aged 8-15 years with mTBI (n=220) and with OI but no TBI (n=110) from consecutive admissions to an emergency department were followed prospe...
Objective:
The investigators aimed to extend findings regarding predictive factors of psychiatric outcomes among children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) from 2 to 24 years postinjury.
Methods:
Youths aged 6-14 years who were hospitalized following TBI from 1992 to 1994 were assessed at baseline for TBI severity and for preinju...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired disability in children, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental sources of disability.¹,2 The association between TBI and ADHD has been a topic of controversy, which Asarnow et al³ address in their systematic review and meta-analys...
Objective
Our study addressed aims: (1) test the hypothesis that moderate-severe TBI in pediatric patients is associated with widespread white matter (WM) disruption; (2) test the hypothesis that age and sex impact WM organization after injury; and (3) examine associations between WM organization and neurobehavioral outcomes.
Methods
Data from ten...
Sport-related brain injury is very common, and the potential long-term effects include a wide range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and potentially neurodegeneration. Around the globe, researchers are conducting neuroimaging studies on primarily homogenous samples of athletes. However, neuroimaging studies are expensive and time consuming...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children in both developed and developing nations. Children and adolescents suffer from TBI at a higher rate than the general population, and specific developmental issues require a unique context since findings from adult research do not necessarily directly translate to chil...
The objective of the study was to compare psychiatric outcomes in adults with and without history of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Youth 6 to 14 years of age, hospitalized for TBI from 1992 to 1994, were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. In the current study, psychiatric assessments were repeated at 24 years...
Increases in depressive and suicide-related symptoms among United States adolescents have been recently linked to increased use of smartphones. Understanding of the brain mechanisms that underlie the potential smartphone dependence may help develop interventions to address this important problem. In this exploratory study, we investigated the neura...
Annually, approximately 3 million children around the world experience traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), of which up to 20% are characterized as moderate to severe (msTBI) and/or have abnormal imaging findings. Affected children are vulnerable to long-term cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, as injury can disrupt or alter ongoing brain maturation....
Sports-related brain injury is very common, and the potential long-term effects include a widerange of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and potentially neurodegeneration. Aroundthe globe, researchers are conducting neuroimaging studies on primarily homogenoussamples of athletes. However, neuroimaging studies are expensive and time consuming,...
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for the vast majority of all pediatric TBI. An important minority of children who have suffered a mTBI has enduring cognitive and emotional symptoms. However, the mechanisms of chronic symptoms in children with pediatric mTBI are not fully understood. This is in-part due to the limited sensitivity of conv...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children in both developed and developing nations. Children and adolescents suffer from TBI at a higher rate than the general population; however, research in this population lags behind research in adults. This may be due, in part, to the smaller number of investigators engag...
The authors have presented a case of a 14-year-old male who suffered a severe traumatic brain injury. His narrative is derived from follow-up over an interval from 1-week postinjury through 24-year postinjury by virtue of participation in a prospective longitudinal follow-up study. This chapter summarizes his postinjury course from age 14 to 22 yea...
Purpose of review:
The purpose of this study was to review the frequency, risk factors, phenomenology, and course of prolonged recovery from concussion and of psychiatric sequelae in pediatric populations.
Recent findings:
Youth with prolonged recovery from concussions have higher initial symptoms, a history of multiple and/or recent concussions...
Common neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including sport-related concussion (SRC), are reviewed based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common abnormalities radiologically identified on the day of injury, typically a computed tomographic scan, are in the form of contusions, small subarachnoid or...
Major depressive disorder (MDD) often emerges during adolescence, a critical period of brain development. Recent resting-state fMRI studies of adults suggest that MDD is associated with abnormalities within and between resting-state networks (RSNs). Here we tested whether adolescent MDD is characterized by abnormalities in interactions among RSNs....
Background:
Evidence regarding longer-term psychiatric, psychological, and behavioural outcomes (for example, anxiety, mood disorders, depression, and attention disorders) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children and adolescents has not been previously synthesized.
Objective:
To conduct a systematic review of the available eviden...
The objective of this prospective longitudinal study was to assess the nature, rate, predictive variables, and neuroimaging characteristics of novel (new-onset) anxiety disorders (compared with no novel anxiety disorders) 6-12 months after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Psychiatric and psychosocial interviews were administered to children...
Personality change due to traumatic brain injury (PC) in children is an important psychiatric complication of injury and is a form of severe affective dysregulation. This study aimed to examine neurocognitive correlates of PC. The sample included 177 children 5-14 years old with traumatic brain injury who were enrolled from consecutive admissions t...
The present study compared executive dysfunction among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (S-ADHD), pre-injury ADHD and children with TBI only (i.e., no ADHD). Youth aged 6-16 years admitted for TBI to five trauma centers were enrolled (n=177) and evaluated wi...
Background
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that both adult and adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) is marked by aberrant connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) during resting-state. However, emotional dysresgulation is also a key feature of MDD. No studies to date have examined emotion-related DMN patho...
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem. Psychiatric disorders with onset before the injury are more common than population base rates. Novel (postinjury onset) psychiatric disorders (NPD) are also common and complicate child function after injury. Novel disorders include personality change due to TBI, secondary atte...
The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and its connected circuitry have been heavily implicated in emotional functioning in adolescent-onset major depressive disorder (MDD). While several recent studies have examined sgACC functional connectivity (FC) in depressed youth at rest, no studies to date have investigated sgACC FC in adolescent d...
Although substantial literature has reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities in adults with depression, these studies commonly necessitated the injection of radioisotopes into subjects. The recent development of arterial spin labeling (ASL), however, allows noninvasive measurements of rCBF. Currently, no published ASL studies have...
The objective of this study was to understand how novel psychiatric disorders (NPD) in children with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) are related to pre-injury variables, injury-related variables, and concurrent neurocognitive outcome. A group of 79 children, ages 5 to 14 years, who had experienced MTBI, were studied from consecutive hospital adm...
Very few studies have been performed to understand the underlying neural substrates of adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). Studies in depressed adults have demonstrated that the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) plays a pivotal role in depression and have revealed aberrant patterns of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC)....
The objective was to assess the nature, rate, predictive factors, and neurocognitive correlates of novel psychiatric disorders (NPD) after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Children age 5–14 years with MTBI (N=87) from consecutive admissions to five trauma centers were enrolled and studied with semistructured psychiatric interviews soon after inj...
Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) show deficient response inhibition. ADHD itself is a common consequence of TBI, known as secondary ADHD (S-ADHD). Similarity in inhibitory control in children with TBI, S-ADHD, and ADHD would implicate impaired frontal-striatal systems; however, it is fir...
To study magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of novel (new-onset) psychiatric disorders (NPD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and orthopedic injury (OI).
Participants were 7 to 17 years of age at the time of hospitalization for either TBI or OI. The study used a prospective, longitudinal, controlled design with standardized psychiatric a...
The objective was to examine the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), as compared with orthopedic injury (OI), relative to the risk for psychiatric disorder. There has only been one previous prospective study of this nature. Participants were age 7-17 years at the time of hospitalization for either TBI (complicated mild-to-severe) or OI. The st...
Ineffective emotion regulation and abnormal amygdala activation have each been found in adolescent-onset major depressive disorder. However, amygdala activation during emotion regulation has not been studied in adolescent-onset major depressive disorder.
Fourteen unmedicated adolescents diagnosed with current depression without comorbid psychiatric...
The purpose of this study was to assess patterns of cortical development over time in children who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) as compared to children with orthopedic injury (OI), and to examine how these patterns related to emotional control and behavioral dysregulation, two common post-TBI symptoms. Cortical thickness was measured...
The objective was to assess the nature, rate, predictive factors, and neuroimaging correlates of novel (new-onset) depressive disorders, both definite and subclinical, after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children with TBI from consecutive admissions were enrolled and studied with psychiatric interviews soon after injury (baseline), and again 6 mont...
The study's objective was to assess the nature, rate, predictive factors, and neuroimaging correlates of novel (new-onset) definite anxiety disorders and novel definite/subclinical anxiety disorders (in a broader group of children with at least subclinical anxiety disorders) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children with TBI from consecutive adm...
The authors aim to investigate brain plasticity and vulnerability through the study of the relationship of age at the time of brain injury and neurocognitive and psychiatric outcome. Children with early stroke performed more poorly compared with children with late stroke in a wide variety of domains including intellectual function, language, memory...
Functional neuroimaging studies have led to a significantly deeper understanding of the underlying neural correlates and the development of several mature models of depression in adults. In contrast, our current understanding of the underlying neural substrates of adolescent depression is very limited. Although numerous studies have consistently de...
Executive control deficits are common sequelae of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of the current study was to assess a specific executive control function, performance monitoring, in children following TBI.
Thirty-one children with mild-moderate TBI, 18 with severe TBI, and 37 control children without TBI, of comparable age and sex...
The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of intracranial pathophysiology on computed tomography (CT) scans obtained within 24 hours of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in children adversely affects neuropsychological outcome during the 1st year postinjury.
A prospective longitudinal design was used to examine the neuropsycholog...
We investigated changes in inattentive and hyperactive symptoms over 2 years following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in relation to preinjury attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), injury, and socioeconomic status (SES) variables. Postinjury stimulant medication treatment was also documented. Of 175 consecutive patients of ages 5 to 15 yea...
Phenomenology and predictive factors of personality change due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) 6 to 24 months after injury was investigated in children, ages 5 to 14 years, enrolled from consecutive admissions and followed prospectively for 2 years. Injury and preinjury psychosocial variables were assessed. Personality change occurred in 13% of par...
This study was conducted to examine the impact of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) on intellectual and academic outcomes postinjury. A comprehensive assessment of cogni-tion, achievement, learning, and memory was administered to 27 children and adolescents 6 to 8 years post-TBI. Findings revealed that parent ratings of premorbid achievement w...
To assess the phenomenology and predictive factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (SADHD).
Children without preinjury ADHD 5-14 years old with TBI from consecutive admissions (n = 143) to five trauma centers were observed prospectively for 6 months (baseline and 6 mo...
Two modalities of family assessment based on the McMaster Model of Family Functioning (MMFF), including a self-report questionairre (Family Assessment Device-FAD) and a clinical interview (McMaster Structured Interview For Families-McSIFF) as scored on the McMaster Clinical Rating Scale (MCRS) were compared in an attempt to explore the inter-change...
To assess the phenomenology and predictive factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (SADHD).
Children without preinjury ADHD 5-14 years old with TBI from consecutive admissions (n = 143) to five trauma centers were observed prospectively from 6 to 12 months (12-month a...
To assess the phenomenology and predictive factors of personality change due to traumatic brain injury.
Children (N = 177), aged 5 to 14 years with traumatic brain injury from consecutive admissions to five trauma centers, were followed prospectively at baseline and 6 months with semistructured psychiatric interviews. Injury severity, lesion charac...
To investigate the association between focal stroke lesions of Posner's executive attention network and a specific region of interest in the frontal lobes (orbital frontal and mesial frontal) and either attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or traits of the disorder (ADHD symptomatology).
Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions wer...
The literature on neuroplasticity lacks a direct comparison of chronic neuropsychological and social outcomes following brain damage acquired in childhood versus adulthood, when lesions are matched across adults and children for size and location.
We paired adults and children with similar unilateral stroke lesions and then compared chronic neurops...
Background: The literature on neuroplasticity lacks a direct comparison of chronic neuropsychological and social outcomes following brain damage acquired in childhood versus adulthood, when lesions are matched across adults and children for size and location. Methods: We paired adults and children with similar unilateral stroke lesions and then com...
Children who experience traumatic brain injury (TBI) often show cognitive impairments postinjury, some of which recover over time. We examined the recovery of motor response inhibition immediately following TBI and over 2 years. We assessed the role of injury severity, age at injury, and lesion characteristics on initial impairment and recovery whi...
We investigated attentional outcome after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardized attention and neuroimaging assessments. Stroke lesions were quite varied in location and commonly involved...
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of side of lesion on neuropsychological performance in childhood stroke. While laterality effects have been shown fairly consistently in adults who have experienced stroke, results from studies on children who have experienced childhood stroke are not as clear. Numerous methodological diffe...
To examine the relationship of child and family psychosocial variables and traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity as it relates to sustained attention (the Paediatric Assessment of Cognitive Efficiency, PACE).
Forty-two children and adolescents were recruited and participated in a 2 year longitudinal study to evaluate sustained attention using the c...
Verbal learning and memory (VLM) following pediatric stroke was characterized in a cross-sectional neuropsychological and neuroimaging study of 26 subjects, aged 5 to 17, with a history of pediatric stroke and 26 age, SES, and gender matched orthopedic controls. Further comparisons were made between the VLM profiles of stroke subjects with right ve...
To evaluate effects of unilateral frontal lesions on psychosocial and global outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children, Study 1 compared matched groups of 22 school aged children who had sustained TBI either with or without unilateral frontal lesions. Study 2 evaluated effects of unilateral extrafrontal lesions in 18 TBI patients as compa...
The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on working memory (WM) was studied in 144 children (79 with mild, 23 with moderate, and 42 with severe injuries) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 months and were tested at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postinjury. An n-back WM task for letter identity was administered with memo...
[corrected] To evaluate the convergence between the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Research design: Cross-sectional psychiatric study of 72 children with traumatic brain injuries or orthopaedic injuries aged 5-14.
Sensitivity, spe...
To better characterize pediatric psychopathology after neurological insult, secondary attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (SADHD)-or ADHD that develops after traumatic brain injury (TBI)-and its clinical and neuroimaging correlates were investigated. Outcome data were available for 118 children, ages 5 through 14 at the time of hospitalization...
We examined the effect of closed head injury (CHI) on the development of symptoms of secondary attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (SADHD), emotional disturbance, and impaired response inhibition. We also investigated the relation of developmental and recovery variables to SADHD symptoms and inhibition. Participants were 200 children aged 5-17...
We investigated the frequency and neurocognitive correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and traits of this disorder (ADHD/Traits) after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardi...
Studies of children with stroke indicate remarkable recovery of language after some initial delay. However, complex language abilities as measured by discourse (connected language) may be required to detect the full impact of stroke on subsequent cognitive-linguistic development. This study examined discourse ability in children with stroke as comp...
To investigate the effects of traumatic brain injury on working memory in children, we administered semantic (letter identity) and phonological (letter rhyme) N-back tasks to children who were on average 5 years post-mild (n = 54) or -severe (n = 26) traumatic brain injury and 44 typically developing children who were comparable in age. The correct...
To determine the rate, types, and correlates of psychiatric disorder (PD) following stroke and orthopedic disorders in children and adolescents.
Children aged 5 to 19 were assessed. The study used a cross-sectional design that compared 29 stroke subjects with 29 congenital clubfoot or scoliosis subjects. Assessments of psychiatric status; cognitive...
To investigate the association between focal stroke lesions of the putamen and either attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or traits of the disorder (ADHD/Traits).
Twenty-five children with focal stroke lesions were studied with standardized psychiatric assessments and anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging. The pattern of lesion overlap in...
The authors aimed to contribute a clinically rich description of personality change due to traumatic brain injury (PC) in children. The sample consisted of consecutively injured children. Ninety-four subjects ages 5 to 14 years were assessed at the time of hospitalization after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A standardized psychiatric interview, t...