Jean-Pierre Bibring’s research while affiliated with University of Paris-Saclay and other places

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Publications (239)


Mg-sulfate can spectrally obscure siderite: implications for martian surface carbonates
  • Article
  • Full-text available

April 2025

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33 Reads

Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

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Abigail A. Fraeman

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Jean-Pierre Bibring

Introduction The search for carbonates on the martian surface has been ongoing since the Viking missions. Recently the Curiosity rover observed carbonate in situ in Gale crater, however it is not visible from orbit. This study investigates the role of Mg-sulfate, one of the most common secondary minerals on Mars, in obscuring the spectral signatures of carbonates in orbital datasets. Methods We collect spectral images of polyhydrated Mg-sulfate and siderite physical mixtures in various proportions exposed to a dry environmental chamber. We also collect spectral images at multiple timepoints to track the temporal evolution of the mixtures as the Mg-sulfate component dehydrates from 7H 2 O epsomite to ~2H 2 O X-ray amorphous forms, particularly focusing on how sulfate dehydration impacts the visibility of carbonate absorption bands at 2.3 and 2.5 µm. Results Our results reveal that Mg-sulfate can obscure the carbonate signature, especially the 2.3 µm band. Discussion These findings suggest that Mg-sulfate deposits may mask carbonates from orbital spectrometers like CRISM and OMEGA, implying that carbonate could be present in more locations on Mars than current orbital observations indicate.

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Mineralogical approach on laboratory weathering of uncontaminated Ryugu particles: Comparison with Orgueil and perspective for storage and analysis

May 2024

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42 Reads

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3 Citations

Meteoritics & Planetary Science

Although CI chondrites are susceptible to terrestrial weathering on Earth, the specific processes are unknown. To elucidate the weathering mechanism, we conduct a laboratory experiment using pristine particles from asteroid Ryugu. Air‐exposed particles predominantly develop small‐sized euhedral Ca‐S‐rich grains (0.5–1 μm) on the particle surface and along open cracks. Both transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron‐based computed tomography combined with XRD reveal that the grains are hydrous Ca‐sulfate. Notably, this phase does not form in vacuum‐ or nitrogen‐stored particles, suggesting this result is due to laboratory weathering. We also compare the Orgueil CI chondrite with the altered Ryugu particles. Due to the weathering of pyrrhotite and dolomite, Orgueil contains a significant amount of gypsum and ferrihydrite. We suggest that mineralogical changes due to terrestrial weathering of particles returned directly from asteroid occur even after a short‐time air exposure. Consequently, conducting prompt analyses and ensuring proper storage conditions are crucial, especially to preserve the primordial features of organics and volatiles.


Ryugu Sample Database System (RS-DBS) on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) by the JAXA curation

September 2023

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57 Reads

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4 Citations

Earth Planets and Space

The JAXA Astromaterials Science Research Group developed a web-based database system for the Hayabusa2-returned samples from C-type asteroid Ryugu. The Ryugu Sample Database System database (RS-DBS) is designed as an online catalog for users of wide scientific communities to choose their preferred samples and propose the sample loan through the JAXA Ryugu Sample Announcement of Opportunity. Ryugu samples can be sorted and given identification numbers as individual particles larger than 1 mm and aggregate samples consisting of less than 1 mm particle through the Phase1 curation (i.e., the initial description). The RS-DBS lists all samples with analytical data such as a microscopy image, size, mass, spectroscopic data, and shape model obtained by the initial description at the JAXA curation facility. The list also includes research results conducted by previous projects (i.e., the Hayabusa2 initial analysis team and Phase2 curation teams). The RS-DBS, built with open-source technologies, archives the data securely and long-term on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) at ISAS/JAXA. Graphical Abstract


Figure 2 -Interactive visualization of an OMEGA observation with show_omega_interactif_v2().
OMEGA-Py: Python Tools for OMEGA Data – v2.3

The OMEGA-Py Python module is a new powerful set of tools dedicated to the scientific exploitation of data provided by the OMEGA/MEx instrument. It provides a Python 3 alternative to the historical SOFT10 IDL routines, along with additional tools.



Ryugu Sample Database System (RS-DBS) on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) by the JAXA curation

April 2023

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58 Reads

The JAXA Astromaterials Science Research Group developed a web-based database system for the Hayabusa2-returned sample from C-type asteroid Ryugu. The database (Ryugu Sample Database System; RS-DBS) is designed as an online catalog for users of wide scientific communities to choose their preferred samples and propose the sample loan through the JAXA Ryugu Sample Announcement of Opportunity. Ryugu samples can be sorted and given identification numbers as individual particles larger than 1 mm and aggregate samples consisting of less than 1 mm particle through the Phase1 curation (i.e., the initial description). The RS-DBS lists all samples with analytical data such as a microscopy image, size, weight, spectroscopic data, and shape model obtained by the initial description at the JAXA curation facility. The list also includes research results conducted by previous projects (i.e., the Hayabusa2 initial analysis team and Phase2 curation teams). The RS-DBS, built with open-source technologies, archives the data securely and long-term on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) at ISAS/JAXA.


Fig. 1 Photo of the MASCOT lander with its scientific instruments labeled. Note that MARA and MasCam have overlapping field of views
Fig. 2 a MASCOT's landing site imaged by MasCam at day time and b shape model of the scene. The scene is approximately 25 cm across. The illuminated flat plateau (~ 15 cm across) is referred to as the MASCOT rock. The overexposed streaks in the foreground in a) are reflections of MASCOT's housing
Fig. 4 a Two fragments of returned samples showing smooth (red) and rough (blue) surface textures and b smooth (red) and rough (blue) boulders imaged by MasCam during its descent. The scale bars are only approximately applicable at the indicated location. Note the different scale in a) and b). The shown fragments in a) are labeled C0005 (left) and C0008 (right) and were retrieved from the Hayabusa2, Ryugu Sample Curatorial Data Set (Astromaterials Science Research Group (ASRG) 2022)
Fig. 5 Two examples of grains with brighter patches (left: C0041, right: A0038). The gray circle in the top left illustrates the average size of the inclusions identified by MasCam. The images are retrieved from the Hayabusa2, Ryugu Sample Curatorial Data Set (Astromaterials Science Research Group (ASRG) 2022)
Fig. 6 Thermal conductivity as a function of porosity for different meteorite samples. For reference, the models proposed by Flynn et al. (2018) and Krause et al. (2011) are also shown. Thermal conductivity of the MASCOT rock was estimated based on the analysis of Hamm et al. (2022). Thermal inertia and thermal conductivity relate to each other following Eq. 1. The porosity and thermal conductivity for the Ryugu samples (Nakamura et al. 2022) is indicated
MASCOT’s in situ analysis of asteroid Ryugu in the context of regolith samples and remote sensing data returned by Hayabusa2

April 2023

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207 Reads

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5 Citations

Earth Planets and Space

The Hayabusa2 mission provided a unique data set of asteroid Ryugu that covers a wide range of spatial scale from the orbiter remote sensing instruments to the returned samples. The MASCOT lander that was delivered onto the surface of Ryugu aimed to provide context for these data sets by producing in situ data collected by a camera (MasCam), a radiometer (MARA), a magnetometer (MasMag) and a spectrometer (MicrOmega). In this work, we evaluate the success of MASCOT as an integrated lander to bridge the gap between orbiter and returned sample analysis. We find that MASCOT’s measurements and derivatives thereof, including the rock morphology, colour in the visible wavelengths, possible meteorite analogue, density, and porosity of the rock at the landing site are in good agreement with those of the orbiter and the returned samples. However, it also provides information on the spatial scale (sub-millimetres to centimetres) at which some physical properties such as the thermal inertia and reflectance undergo scale-dependent changes. Some of the in situ observations such as the presence of clast/inclusions in rocks and the absence of fine particles at the landing site was uniquely identified by MASCOT. Thus, we conclude that the delivery of an in situ instrument like MASCOT provides a valuable data set that complements and provides context for remote sensing and returned sample analyses. Graphical Abstract


Fig. 5 (See legend on previous page.)
Fig. 9 Mineral combinations of each grain. Representative X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from 100 microns-sized fragment of each group. Each pattern was selected from the perspective that the most minerals are detected clearly. Ser: serpentine, Sap: saponite, Po: pyrrhotite, Pen: pentlandite, Mt: magnetite, Do: dolomite, Si: siderite. C0041 only shows sharp peaks of siderite
Classification of 205 grains based on their morphology
Variations of the surface characteristics of Ryugu returned samples

March 2023

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116 Reads

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16 Citations

Earth Planets and Space

Hayabusa2 spacecraft successfully collected rock samples from the surface of C-type near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu through two touchdowns and brought them back to Earth in 2020. At the Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center in JAXA, we performed initial description of all samples to obtain fundamental information and prepare the database for sample allocation. We propose morphological classifications for the returned samples based on the initial description of 205 grains described in the first 6 months. The returned samples can be distinguished by four morphological characteristics: dark, glossy, bright, and white. According to coordinated study to provide an initial description and detailed investigation by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis in this study, these features reflect the differences in the degree of space weathering and mineral assemblages. The degree of space weathering of the four studied grain types is heterogeneous: weak for A0042 (dark group) and C0041 (white group); moderate for C0094 (glossy); and severe for A0017 (bright). The white phase, which is the mineral characteristic of the white group grains, is identified as large carbonate minerals. This is the first effort to classify Ryugu returned samples into distinct categories. Based on these results, researchers can estimate sample characteristics only from the information on the JAXA curation public database. It will be an important reference for sample selection for further investigation. Graphical Abstract


Macromolecular organic matter in samples of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu

February 2023

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277 Reads

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97 Citations

Science

Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu were collected and brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We investigated the macromolecular organic matter in Ryugu samples and found that it contains aromatic and aliphatic carbon, ketone, and carboxyl functional groups. The spectroscopic features of the organic matter are consistent with those in chemically primitive carbonaceous chondrite meteorites that experienced parent-body aqueous alteration (reactions with liquid water). The morphology of the organic carbon includes nanoglobules and diffuse carbon associated with phyllosilicate and carbonate minerals. Deuterium and/or nitrogen-15 enrichments indicate that the organic matter formed in a cold molecular cloud or the presolar nebula. The diversity of the organic matter indicates variable levels of aqueous alteration on Ryugu's parent body.



Citations (52)


... Miyazaki et al. (2023) updated the results of averaged density of Ryugu returned samples as 1.79 ± 0.31 g/cc, almost the same as that of Tagish Lake or CI chondrite meteorites, more precisely than that of the previous study ) by comparing 16 individual particles whose sizes were more accurately measured through XCT during the initial analysis (Nakamura et al. 2022b). Nishimura et al. (2023) developed the Ryugu Sample Database System to catalogue all the archived individual samples (> 1 mm) and regolith samples (< 1 mm) with the size, weight, microscopic images, and near-infrared spectra by FTIR and MicrOmega, and descriptions such as the category type by Nakato et al. (2023). This catalogue is useful for researchers to apply these samples for new research. ...

Reference:

Special issue “New insights in planetary science with Hayabusa, Hayabusa2, and future space missions”
Ryugu Sample Database System (RS-DBS) on the Data Archives and Transmission System (DARTS) by the JAXA curation

Earth Planets and Space

... Murchie et al., 2007) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have been instrumental in developing our understanding of Martian geology and mapping of diverse aqueous minerals (S. L. Murchie et al., 2009;Viviano et al., 2014;Seelos et al., 2023). The CRISM image archive contains over 10,000 images of the Martian surface of immense scientific value. ...

The CRISM investigation in Mars orbit: Overview, history, and delivered data products
  • Citing Article
  • May 2023

Icarus

... The Hayabusa2 surface experiment with the small lander contributed to filling the gap of the sub-mm to cm scale of features between remote sensing and the analysis of returned samples. Otto et al. (2023) displayed the observation results of the camera (MasCAM), the thermal radiometer (MARA) and the magnetometer (MasMAG) onboard the small lander MASCOT. Bright spots observed in the surface boulders by MasCAM indicated the carbonate grains and partly space weathered inclusions. ...

MASCOT’s in situ analysis of asteroid Ryugu in the context of regolith samples and remote sensing data returned by Hayabusa2

Earth Planets and Space

... Rubino et al. (2023) established the pipeline for handling and analysis of returned samples for performing infrared synchrotron micro-spectroscopy as well as FTIR, Raman, and the shape and interior structures (SEM and XCT) under nondestructive and noncontaminated conditions. Nakato et al. (2023) observed 205 individual Ryugu samples by microscopy and classified the Hayabusa2 Ryugu samples into four categories: Dark, Glossy, Bright, and White. Representative samples of each category were investigated by SEM and XRD, to conclude that the category White is related to carbonates and the other categories indicate different degrees of space weathering. ...

Variations of the surface characteristics of Ryugu returned samples

Earth Planets and Space

... with those detected in both carbonaceous meteorites and interstellar ice analogues, reinforcing the hypothesis of an interstellar-solar system chemical link. Hayabusa2 analyses also suggest that Ryugu's parent body accreted presolar ices 51 and underwent aqueous alteration, primarily from internal radiogenic heating, followed by surface weathering 52 . ...

Macromolecular organic matter in samples of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu
  • Citing Article
  • February 2023

Science

... The scarcity of CSs in the equatorial region may be attributed to coincident or subsequent physical erosion via valley networks, as the densest valleys tend to be found closer to the equator 36 (Fig. 2a and Extended Data Fig. 4e). In addition, CSs formed at higher latitudes (polewards of 30°) may have been obscured by ice-related processes 37,38 ; however, numerous other clay minerals not within CSs have been detected at lower and higher latitudes 30 (Figs. 1a and 2b). ...

A Mars orbital catalog of aqueous alteration signatures (MOCAAS)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2022

Icarus

... After MicrOmega data calibration similar to the one used by Riu et al. (2022), we calculated relevant spectral parameters to aid in identification of specific grains within the mixture and investigated the spectra individually to look for features visible at the grain (μmmm) and image (5 × 5 mm) scales. Here we focus on the spectral parameters SINDEX2 which measures the drop in reflectance and resulting convexity of spectral shape seen in sulfates >2.1 μm, and MIN2345_2537 which measures the two carbonate absorptions at 2.345 and 2.537 μm frequently seen in Fe-carbonates (Viviano-Beck et al., 2014). ...

Calibration and performances of the MicrOmega instrument for the characterization of asteroid Ryugu returned samples
  • Citing Article
  • May 2022

... A major challenge in analyzing prebiotically relevant organics such as amino acids and sugars from astrophysical samples lies in confirming their extraterrestrial origin, due to the high risk of terrestrial contamination. This concern applies not only to meteorites, often subjected to extensive weathering and potential microbial colonization prior analysis 30,31 , but also to pristine asteroid samples-such as those from (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu, despite being collected under meticulously controlled conditions by the Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx missions [31][32][33][34] . Contamination risks remain particularly relevant during postcollection sample processing 30 . ...

Preliminary analysis of the Hayabusa2 samples returned from C-type asteroid Ryugu

Nature Astronomy

... Ryugu, a C-type asteroid, has been visited by the JAXA's Hayabusa2 spacecraft. During more than a year, remote (e.g., Watanabe et al., 2019) and in situ (e.g., Ho et al., 2021) characterizations were undertaken, two touchdowns at different sites (e.g., and an impact experiment were performed. In December 2020, after the sample recovery capsule was cautiously opened, 5.42 g of samples collected at the surface of Ryugu were discovered . ...

The MASCOT lander aboard Hayabusa2: The in-situ exploration of NEA (162173) Ryugu
  • Citing Article
  • March 2021

Planetary and Space Science