Jean-François Ratelle's research while affiliated with Charles University in Prague and other places
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Publications (11)
Islamic law denotes as haram any forbidden behavior, object, beverage, or food. Despite subscribing to a similar Salafi ideology, very few jihadi groups use violence against haram targets (e.g., brothels, casinos, statues, liquor stores, mixed sex schools, and gay clubs). This study argues that haram-centered violence unites ethnically-mixed jihadi...
This article assesses the successes and setbacks of Moscow’s policy of counterinsurgency and beyond. It challenges the general consensus in scholarship positing that military successes associated with Chechenisation have been obtained against the backdrop of Chechnya’s increasingly autonomous status within Russia, considered by some as a case of ‘s...
This article looks into the dangers posed by the return of the North Caucasus militants in Syria and Iraq to the security of the Russian Federation. The article first divides the recruitment of North Caucasian foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq into two distinct waves. I argue that the first wave of North Caucasus foreign fighters (2011–2013) chose...
Introducing this special issue of Caucasus Survey on networked insurgencies in Eurasia, this article discusses some of the key themes discussed in the issue. We present the case for the networked character of insurgencies in Eurasia, in which distinct insurgent fronts borrow, incorporate and transform ideas, goals and human experiences among themse...
Can former insurgents in the service of counterinsurgent paramilitaries be considered a perfectly loyal force? What mechanisms may help to deter subsequent defections of individuals who have already “betrayed” once? Drawing on a unique set of primary data, this article examines the effective counter-defection practices of Chechnya’s pro-Moscow para...
This article provides an in-depth literature review of the different trends and debates in the English academic literature on the violent conflicts in the North Caucasus during the post-Soviet period. This literature review is separated into three major debates and focused on four major themes that consistently appear in the study of violent confli...
This article posits that the remnants of archaic sociocultural norms, particularly the honour-imposed custom of retaliation, play a crucial role in the process of insurgent engagement in Russia's autonomous republic of Dagestan. Through a series of interviews with former insurgents, this study outlines two retaliation-centred mechanisms: “individua...
This article seeks to foster a better understanding of the diffusion of conflict in the North Caucasus. We argue that diffusion of conflict is a dynamic and adaptive process in which outcomes are shaped by the intersection of three social mechanisms—attribution of similarity, brokerage, and outbidding—and the political, social, and religious contex...
This article seeks to assess the role of political ethnography in the study of civil war, and more particularly research which focuses on the micro-dynamics of violence. By focusing on the representations put forward by econometric and structural research about civil war, this article underlines the importance of fieldwork research and political et...
Citations
... Other scholars seem to agree. For instance, Siroky et al (2022) find that "haram" (locations where certain behaviors are interpreted as being forbidden by Islam) targeting is a mechanism for overcoming collective action problems among mixed-ethnicity Salafists, while enhancing internal cohesion on the basis of the religion as a superordinate guiding force. This is supported by Braun and Genkin's (2014) finding that collectivist culture reduces the cost of suicide bombing. ...
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... The Russian government simultaneously assumed the rhetoric of restoring law and order, empowering law-abiding Chechens in their fight against the "exported" jihadist insurgency. 31 Relatedly, quelling rebellions often implies excessive use of violence against the local population to deter recruitment into insurgent groups and curb popular support for insurgents. In fact, the very existence of insurgent groups is contingent upon popular support; without such support, insurgents are doomed to failure. ...
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... By protecting the Syrian government from opposing armed forces, this would, for example, avoid the emergence of radical Islamists, which in turn would create a vacuum of instability south of the Caucasus (Souleimanov, 2016: 112;Treisman, 2012). There is an inherent contradiction in this argument, however, as Russia's intervention arguably served to radicalise also the Russian and Central Asian 'foreign fighters' who had flocked to Syria (Ratelle, 2016). In this light, in contrast to Russia's self-proclaimed aim of fighting terrorism in Syria, the core motivation for Russian intervention is argued to be its pursuit of protecting (both politically and militarily) its key ally in the region at all costs, with Russia targeting not only those groups considered terrorist, but also the more moderate rebels (Hill, 2013;Notte, 2016). ...
... Future research should explore whether and how coethnics' loyalty can be guaranteed under those conditions. Current studies are insightful, but they privilege cases in which the influence of external powers on coethnics is not strong (Souleimanov et al. 2018). ...
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... Incluso aunque haya poderosas razones internas por las que vaticinar que una organización va a desaparecer, podrían existir factores contextuales que reactivasen el conflicto: la aparición de otros focos violentos en territorios fronterizos con Chechenia (Holland, Witmer y O'Loughlin 2017); la creación de nuevos grupos armados, como la filial del Estado Islámico en Rusia; o la persistencia de las causas estructurales (corrup-ción, impunidad, represión, ausencia de bienestar social, etc.) que contribuyen a acelerar la radicalización (Janeczko 2014;Ratelle 2015). De ese modo, es necesario considerar otros elementos de contraste -más allá del número de atentadosantes de afirmar el debilitamiento de la violencia yihadista en el Cáucaso. ...
... This may be the result of minorities being alienated and excluded from mainstream political processes, as characterised by their hampered access to the political system (Ratelle & Souleimanov, 2017), but also the result of the oppressive or discriminatory approach of the state apparatus toward minorities (Ajil, 2020). ...
... People can gather relatively spontaneously or coordinate by wordof-mouth, especially when facing common hardship (such as water scarcity) in a familiar setting. Second, the presence of widely accepted opinion leaders or traditional institutions might be more relevant than population density, wealth and electrification (Ratelle, 2013), especially with regard to small-scale protests. A case in point is the pivotal role that women's networks played in initiating water protests in the Turkish town of Diyarbakır (the case with the 9th lowest nightlight emissions in the sample) in June 2006 (Al Jazeera, 2008). ...
... Desde entonces, la organización armada con mayor relevancia en la región, la yihadista Emirato del Cáucaso (EC), ha ido perdiendo efectividad debido a diversas razones. Sus atentados se han ido reduciendo en número y en víctimas, a excepción de un repunte en Daguestán, en 2011, provocado por el desplazamiento de militantes que encontraron refugio allí ante la presión policial (Campana y Ratelle 2014), y un tímido ascenso en Chechenia, en 2017, por causas aún debatibles. ...
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