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2,402 Citations
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30 Reads
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2,402 Citations
... They are sometimes termed manipulative experiments, because treatments are under the control of the investigator and can be assigned to experimental units. Such experiments permit some of the strongest possible inferences about causation and are distinguished from other study designs by their use of controls, replication, and randomization (e.g., Fisher, 1947;Hariton & Locascio, 2018;Williams et al., 2002). Controls refer to experimental units to which no purported causal "treatment" is applied, providing a baseline against which to quantify treatment effects. ...