James B. Wooley’s scientific contributions

Heart rates of 3 wing-clipped black ducks (Anas rubripes) were successfully monitored for up to 11 days in the field. The energy costs of several activities, such as swimming, feeding, and preening, were calculated using regressions of metabolism on the heart rate previously determined in the laboratory for each duck. Total daily energy expenditure during midsummer using time-activity analyses of non-radioed black ducks was 1.5 to 2 times the resting metabolic rates measured in the laboratory. Preliminary data indicate that the energy costs for laying females may be as high as 3.4 times the resting rates.