![Respiratory virus infection, pathophysiology, and immune system activation. Once a respiratory virus enters the body via the nasopharyngeal route, viral particles penetrate the mucus and bronchial epithelial layer, damaging these cells and reaching the lungs, where replication occurs. Viral replication induces inflammation, leading to the activation of both the innate and acquired immune responses. An excessive immune response can result in the overproduction of large quantities of cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), transforming growth factors (TGFs), chemokines (CCLs), and C-X-C motif chemokines (CXCLs). This cytokine overproduction causes fluid leakage into lung cells, leading to hypoxia and severe lung damage, which can be fatal [71,72,73].](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385323866/figure/fig1/AS:11431281292681300@1732678730949/Respiratory-virus-infection-pathophysiology-and-immune-system-activation-Once-a_Q320.jpg)
![Schematic representation of the virus life cycle and inhibition strategies employed by antiviral drugs for influenza virus and coronavirus [95,96].](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385323866/figure/fig2/AS:11431281292741904@1732678731875/Schematic-representation-of-the-virus-life-cycle-and-inhibition-strategies-employed-by_Q320.jpg)
October 2024
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Emerging viral diseases, including seasonal illnesses and pandemics, pose significant global public health risks. Respiratory viruses, particularly coronaviruses and influenza viruses, are associated with high morbidity and mortality, imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens. This review focuses on the current landscape of respiratory viruses, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, and their antiviral treatments. It also discusses the potential for pandemics and the development of new antiviral vaccines and therapies, drawing lessons from past outbreaks to inform future strategies for managing viral threats.