Jacqueline De Vries’s scientific contributions

Infra-slow Fluctuation (ISF) electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback is a recent development in neurofeedback training. This form of training is focused on the lowest energy the brain produces (< 0.1 Hz). The intervention is performed with a Direct Current (DC) coupled neurofeedback amplifier. It is distinct from Slow Cortical Potential (SCP) training and Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) training. It shares a similar optimization process with ILF that focuses on emergent state shifts within sessions. These state shifts require frequency adjustments that optimize client response to the training in real time. Due to the technical difficulties inherent in recording these frequencies, EEG investigators largely neglected this low energy until recently. As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers. Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work. Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted. The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions. The traditional method of recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) with an Alternating Current (AC) amplifier and a " corner " or cutoff frequency of approximately 0.5 Hz is more than half a century old (Collura, 1993). These AC amplifiers produced attenuated signals that allowed researchers to focus on the faster oscillations, considered the most salient features in the human EEG at that time. Before that time, attempts to record slow events produced electrode drifts that tended to saturate the amplifiers and so hastened the advent of