January 2006
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1,300 Reads
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47 Citations
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January 2006
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1,300 Reads
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47 Citations
December 2005
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17 Reads
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2 Citations
Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
January 2005
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139 Reads
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138 Citations
Human cognitive control is uniquely flexible, and has been shown to depend on prefrontal cortex (PFC). But exactly how the biological mechanisms of the PFC support flexible cognitive control remains a profound mystery. Existing theoretical models have posited powerful task-specific PFC representations, but not how these develop. We show how this can occur when a set of PFC-specific neural mechanisms interact with breadth of experience to self-organize abstract, rule-like PFC representations that support flexible generalization in novel tasks. The same model is shown to apply to benchmark PFC tasks (Stroop and Wisconsin card sorting), accurately simulating the behavior of neurologically intact and frontally-damaged people.
April 2003
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5 Reads
Biological Psychiatry
March 2003
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6 Reads
Schizophrenia Research
March 2003
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6 Reads
Schizophrenia Research
January 2003
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11 Reads
Psychophysiology
October 2001
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54 Reads
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9 Citations
Brain and Cognition
Both DLPFC and the anterior cingulate (ACC) show increased activation during executive control; however, the specific contributions of each area remains controversial. Two classes of processes underlie control. Strategic processes provide top-down support for task operations; evaluative processes monitor ongoing performance. Using event-related fMRI and a task-switching Stroop paradigm we examined whether the strategic/evaluative distinction could be used to dissociate DLPFC and ACC. LDLPFC showed cue-related activity which was greater for color naming than word reading, with greater activation correlating with smaller Stroop effects (r = -.63). ACC showed only response-related activity which was greater for incongruent color-naming trials and correlated positively with the RT Stroop effect (r = .41). These data suggest DLPFC contributes a strategic function and ACC an evaluative one to executive control.
July 2000
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3,310 Reads
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2,861 Citations
Science
Theories of the regulation of cognition suggest a system with two necessary components: one to implement control and another to monitor performance and signal when adjustments in control are needed. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task-switching version of the Stroop task were used to examine whether these components of cognitive control have distinct neural bases in the human brain. A double dissociation was found. During task preparation, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) was more active for color naming than for word reading, consistent with a role in the implementation of control. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's areas 24 and 32) was more active when responding to incongruent stimuli, consistent with a role in performance monitoring.
April 2000
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2 Reads
Biological Psychiatry
... It is difficult to overstate the grip on current research of the control account. The fad of conflict monitoring and control is unprecedented within the Stroop milieu; following Schmidt's (2019) observation, the first few articles published between 1998 and 2004 now combine for over 30,000 citations in the literature (e.g., Carter et al., 1998;Botvinick et al., 1999Botvinick et al., , 2001Botvinick et al., , 2004MacDonald et al., 2000;Miller and Cohen, 2001;Kerns et al., 2004;see Schmidt, 2019, for an extensive bibliography). The upshot is, the Stroop effect has been appropriated from being an index of inputdriven selective attention to a tool for generating conflict and measuring control. ...
May 1998
NeuroImage
... The working memory task (N-back task) has been described elsewhere in full detail (Cohen et al., 1994). In this study, we used the 0-back and 2-back tasks to activate brain regions. ...
January 1994
Human Brain Mapping
... Particularly, recent studies have focused on identifying biomarkers that may be useful for identifying at-risk individuals and avenues for future treatment research (Gottesman and Gould, 2003). Research suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) -a frontostriatal brain region-mediated performance monitoring processes, particularly those indexed by event-related potentials (ERPs), may represent one such set of important biomarkers (Olvet and Hajcak, 2008;Botvinick et al., 2004;Kerns et al., 2004). Importantly, recent research has demonstrated that exaggerated ACC activation is characteristic of many anxious populations. ...
... Eine Grundlage zum Verständnis der verwendeten neuropsychologischen Verfahren ist der Ansatz der kognitiven Kontrolle der Arbeitsgruppe um Cohen, Servan-Schreiber und Braver [1,[16][17][18][19]. Kognitive Kontrolle ist die "Fähigkeit der angemessenen Aufrechterhaltung und Aktualisierung der internen Repräsentation aufgabenrelevanter Kontextinformation" [16]. ...
March 1998
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
... The results replicated an earlier adult fMRI study showing inferior and middle frontal gyrus activity using the same paradigm (COHEN et al., 1994). Several groups (CASEY et al., 1997a;ORENDI et al., 1996;TRUWIT et al., 1996) have also examined brain activity during a spatial working memory task. One goal of this research was to equate task difficulty across age groups. ...
Reference:
45 Functional MRI in Pediatrics
January 1997
... In the current study, emotional experience and expression were affected by brain activity within the attention system for sadness and anxiety. The relationship between negative emotions (anxiety and anger) and the attention system is associated with increased emotional lability [30]. Emotional lability is thought to be related to hyperconnectivity of the amygdala network, which includes the anterior cingulate cortex [31]. ...
March 1998
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
... Of interest, these studies evaluated both the graymatter and white-matter regions of the ACC. Functional abnormalities in the ACC brain region have been associated with schizophrenia; these changes commonly involve altered cognition, including executive control and attention [99][100][101][102]. The involvement of the ACC white and gray matter in schizophrenia is becoming more apparent with the findings of structural, genetic and morphological changes in schizophrenia [103][104][105]. ...
April 1999
Biological Psychiatry
... Prior studies have shown functional dissociations between the dACC and DLPFC. While activation in the ACC have been associated with conflict evaluation and monitoring, the DLPFC is associated with attentional allocation and top-down cognitive control [15] and plays a critical role in conflict resolution [30]. With regard to language control, Abutalebi et al. [1] proposed that the dACC is involved in the detection of language conflict and, through projection to the DLPFC, the dACC reinforces (i.e., raises the activation levels) of neural representations of the target language in order to resolve competition between the target and non-target language. ...
October 2001
Brain and Cognition
... Broca's area is called by the name of "syntax" in one study (Caplan et al., 1999;Heim et al., 2003), "semantics" in another (Homae et al., 2002), "phonology" in yet another (Fiez et al., 1993). Then the plot thickens and we hear the identical persona called "imitation" (Heiser et al., 2003), "motor preparation" (Krams et al., 1998), "planning" (Fincham et al., 2002) and "imagery" (Binkofski et al., 2000), "action understanding" (Buccino et al., 2004;Hamzei et al., 2003), "visuomotor coordination" (Müller et al., 2003), "sequence learning" (Haslinger et al., 2002), "tonal discrimination" (Müller et al., 2001), "artificial grammar learning" (Bahlmann et al., 2008), "working memory" (Nystrom et al., 1998), "rule shifting" (Konishi et al., 1998), "response selection" (Thompson-Schill et al., 1997), "response inhibition" (Collette et al., 2001) and so on. As there is no technique allowing neuroscientists to probe for functional preferences of individual neurons in the living human being, it remains theoretically possible that each of these specializations is entirely separate from linguistic specializations, and that LIFG consists of a large array of functionally discrete modules. ...
May 1998
NeuroImage
... . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made The ability of animals to form and use contextdependent, hierarchical associative structures (or context-informed cognitive maps) is arguably the foundation of high-level cognition 48,49 . This contextual knowledge contributes to the regulation of elicited behavior and influences learning. ...
January 1992
Psychological Review