J. Tolar’s research while affiliated with Czech Technical University in Prague and other places

The paper is devoted to projective Clifford groups of quantum N-dimensional systems. Clearly, Clifford gates allow only the simplest quantum computations which can be simulated on a classical computer (Gottesmann-Knill theorem). However, it may serve as a cornerstone of full quantum computation. As to its group structure it is well-known that – in N-dimensional quantum mechanics – the Clifford group is a natural semidirect product provided the dimension N is an odd number. For even N special results on the Clifford groups are scattered in the mathematical literature, but they don’t concern the semidirect structure. Using appropriate group presentation of SL(2, ZN ) it is proved that for even N projective Clifford groups are not natural semidirect products if and only if N is divisible by four.

The paper is devoted to projective Clifford groups of quantum N-dimensional systems. Clearly, Clifford gates allow only the simplest quantum computations which can be simulated on a classical computer (Gottesmann-Knill theorem). However, it may serve as a cornerstone of full quantum computation. As to its group structure it is well-known that -- in N-dimensional quantum mechanics -- the Clifford group is a natural semidirect product provided the dimension N is an odd number. For even N special results on the Clifford groups are scattered in the mathematical literature, but they don't concern the semidirect structure. Using appropriate group presentation of $SL(2,Z_N)$ it is proved that for even N projective Clifford groups are not natural semidirect products if and only if N is divisible by four.

The term Clifford group was introduced in 1998 by D. Gottesmann in his investigation of quantum error-correcting codes. The simplest Clifford group in multiqubit quantum computation is generated by a restricted set of unitary Clifford gates - the Hadamard, $\pi/4$-phase and controlled-X gates. Because of this restriction the Clifford model of quantum computation can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer (the Gottesmann-Knill theorem). However, this fact does not diminish the importance of the Clifford model, since it may serve as a suitable starting point for a full-fledged quantum computation. In the general case of a single or composite quantum system with finite-dimensional Hilbert space the finite Weyl-Heisenberg group of unitary operators defines the quantum kinematics and the states of the quantum register. Then the corresponding Clifford group is defined as the group of unitary operators leaving the Weyl-Heisenberg group invariant. The aim of this contribution is to show that our comprehensive results on symmetries of the Pauli gradings of quantum operator algebras -- covering any single as well as composite finite quantum systems -- directly correspond to Clifford groups defined as quotients with respect to \U(1).

The term Clifford group was introduced in 1998 by D. Gottesmann in his investigation of quantum error-correcting codes. The simplest Clifford group in multiqubit quantum computation is generated by a restricted set of unitary Clifford gates - the Hadamard, π/4-phase and controlled-X gates. Because of this restriction the Clifford model of quantum computation can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer (the Gottesmann-Knill theorem). However, this fact does not diminish the importance of the Clifford model, since it may serve as a suitable starting point for a full-fledged quantum computation. In the general case of a single or composite quantum system with finite-dimensional Hilbert space the finite Weyl-Heisenberg group of unitary operators defines the quantum kinematics and the states of the quantum register. Then the corresponding Clifford group is defined as the group of unitary operators leaving the Weyl-Heisenberg group invariant. The aim of this contribution is to show that our comprehensive results on symmetries of the Pauli gradings of quantum operator algebras - covering any single as well as composite finite quantum systems - directly correspond to Clifford groups defined as quotients with respect to U(1).

Quantum mechanics in Hilbert spaces of finite dimension N is reviewed from the number theoretic point of view. For composite numbers N possible quantum kinematics are classified on the basis of Mackey's Imprimitivity Theorem for finite Abelian groups. This yields also a classification of finite Weyl-Heisenberg groups and the corresponding finite quantum kinematics. Simple number theory gets involved through the fundamental theorem describing all finite discrete Abelian groups of order N as direct products of cyclic groups, whose orders are powers of not necessarily distinct primes contained in the prime decomposition of N. The representation theoretic approach is further compared with the algebraic approach, where the basic object is the corresponding operator algebra. The consideration of fine gradings of this associative algebra then brings a fresh look on the relation between the mathematical formalism and physical realizations of finite quantum systems.

A overview of our patented proposals of new optical elements is presented. The elements are suitable for laser pulse analysis, telescopy, X-ray microscopy and X-ray telescopy. They are based on the interference properties of light: a special grating for a double slit pattern, parabolic strip imaging for a telescope, and Bragg’s condition for X-ray scattering on a slice of a single crystal for X-ray microscopy and X-ray telescopy.

A composite quantum system comprising a finite number k of subsystems which are described with position and momentum variables in Z_{n_{i}}, i=1,...,k, is considered. Its Hilbert space is given by a k-fold tensor product of Hilbert spaces of dimensions n_{1},...,n_{k}. Symmetry group of the respective finite Heisenberg group is given by the quotient group of certain normalizer. This paper extends our previous investigation of bipartite quantum systems to arbitrary multipartite systems of the above type. It provides detailed description of the normalizers and the corresponding symmetry groups. The new class of symmetry groups represents a very specific generalization of symplectic groups over modular rings. As an application, a new proof of existence of the maximal set of mutually unbiased bases in Hilbert spaces of prime power dimensions is provided.

Symmetries of finite Heisenberg groups represent an important tool for the study of deeper structure of finite-dimensional quantum mechanics. This short contribution presents extension of previous investigations to composite quantum systems comprised of k subsystems which are described with position and momentum variables in ℤni, i = 1,…, κ. Their Hilbert spaces are given by κ-fold tensor products of Hilbert spaces of dimensions n1,…, nκ. Symmetry group of the corresponding finite Heisenberg group is given by the quotient group of a certain normalizer. We provide the description of the symmetry groups for arbitrary multipartite cases. The new class of symmetry groups represents very specific generalization of finite symplectic groups over modular rings.

We present a possible construction of coherent states on the unit circle as configuration space. Our approach is based on Borel quantizations on S¹ including the Aharonov–Bohm-type quantum description. Coherent states are constructed by Perelomov's method as group-related coherent states generated by Weyl operators on the quantum phase space . Because of the duality of canonical coordinates and momenta, i.e. the angular variable and the integers, this formulation can also be interpreted as coherent states over an infinite periodic chain. For the construction, we use the analogy with our quantization and coherent states over a finite periodic chain where the quantum phase space was . The coherent states constructed in this work are shown to satisfy the resolution of unity. To compare them with canonical coherent states, some of their further properties are also studied demonstrating similarities as well as substantial differences. This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to 'Coherent states: mathematical and physical aspects'.

We propose a CNOT gate for quantum computation. The CNOT operation is based on existence of triactive molecules, which in one direction have dipole moment and cause rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light and in perpendicular direction have a magnetic moment. The incoming linearly polarized laser beam is divided into two beams by beam splitter. In one beam a control state is prepared and the other beam is a target. The interaction of polarized states of both beams in a solution containing triactive molecules can be described as interaction of two qubits in CNOT.