January 2008
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15 Reads
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France
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January 2008
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15 Reads
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France
December 2007
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42 Reads
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2 Citations
January 2007
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1,916 Reads
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24 Citations
Dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche innovant, mené au Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des musées de France (C2RMF) avec des méthodes particulièrement performantes (analyse chimique par méthode PIXE avec l'accélérateur de particules AGLAE, micro-spectrométrie RAMAN et micro-faisceau en mode PIXE), 1290 grenats ornant 131 objets mérovingiens découverts en France ont été analysés. Grâce à cette base de données, la plus importante à ce jour, des résultats particulièrement significatifs ont été obtenus, qui confirment, précisent et complètent les analyses antérieures, menées jusqu'ici avec des méthodes moins performantes. Il est ainsi acquis que les orfèvres mérovin-giens ont utilisés cinq types de grenats. On a pu déterminer, par référence à des grenats d'origine géo-logique connue, que les types I et II (almandins) pro-venaient d'Inde et ceux du type III (pyraldins) de Ceylan. Utilisés aux V e et VI e siècles, ces grenats sont alors remplacés au VII e siècle dans l'Occident mérovingien, pour des raisons historico-économiques qui restent à déterminer, par les exemplaires des types IV et V (pyropes) Les premiers sont pour l'instant de provenance inconnue, mais sans doute européenne dans la mesure où ils sont toujours associés aux seconds, originaires de Bohême. Ces deux derniers types de grenats, du fait de leur nature, ne se prêtaient pas à un débitage en lamelles de taille suffisante pour satisfaire aux exigences techniques du cloisonné couvrant. On s'explique donc que ce style ait progressivement disparu au cours des premières décennies du VII du VIIe siècle, au profit du style à verroteries montées en bâte. Les analyses ont également confirmé la rareté du verre rouge, jusqu’au seuil de l’époque carolingienne, et le fait qu’il n’avait servi de substitution à des grenats qu’exceptionnellement. Mots-clés : Mérovingien – Grenats – Style cloisonné – Orfèvrerie – Verre rouge – Mode PIXE – Mode RAMAN.
January 2007
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612 Reads
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1 Citation
January 2006
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665 Reads
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10 Citations
January 2006
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2,761 Reads
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10 Citations
January 2005
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8,940 Reads
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17 Citations
Ayant repris en 1957 les fouilles d'Edouard Salin dans le sous-sol de la basilique de Saint-Denis, Michel Fleury mit au jour en 1959 un sarcophage (N° 49) contenant une inhumation féminine exceptionnelle par la qualité de son mobilier funéraire et la conservation des restes organiques correspondant à ses vêtements. Grâce à une bague en or portant le nom ARNEGVNDIS et un monogramme central lu comme REGINE, la défunte fut identifiée à la reine Arégonde, mentionnée par Grégoire de Tours comme l'une des épouses de Clotaire I er (511-561) et la mère de Chilpéric Ier . Compte tenu de la date de naissance de ce dernier, placée en 539 (en réalité en 534), et d'une estimation anthropologique vers 45 ans de l'âge de décès de la défunte, sa mort fut fixée vers 565/570. Cette datation ne s'accordant pas à celle du mobilier funéraire, sensiblement plus récent, plusieurs chercheurs doutèrent que la défunte ait bien été le personnage historique cité par Grégoire de Tours. La redécouverte récente du squelette de la défunte de la tombe 49 ainsi que des restes organiques végétaux et animaux qui l'accompagnaient, disparus depuis une trentaine d'années, a permis de rouvrir ce dossier. Ainsi, il est désormais acquis que la défunte, âgée de 61 ans (plus ou moins trois ans) est morte vers 580, ce qui correspond mieux à la datation archéologique du mobilier funéraire et donc à l’identification historique de la défunte. Pour sa part, le réexamen des restes organiques met largement en cause la reconstitution du costume d’Arégonde par Michel Fleury et Albert France-Lanord. Enfin, les analyses menées au Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF) sur les objets métalliques en or et en argent de la tombe d’Arégonde, ainsi que sur les grenats pouvant les orner, ont considérablement modifié les acquis antérieurs, qu’il s’agisse des alliages utilisés ou de la provenance des grenats.
April 2002
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944 Reads
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92 Citations
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
Red garnets were the dominant gemstones used for jewels in Europe during the Early Middle Ages. We have studied over 350 garnets set on 12 jewels unearthed in the royal necropolis of the Saint-Denis Basilica, close to Paris. This famous collection of “cloisonné” style artefacts dates from the Merovingian period (late fifth century AD to early seventh century AD). The archaeological issue addressed is the identification of the geographical origin of these garnets, in view to establish the gem trading routes during the Dark Ages. External beam PIXE was used to determine the major constituents (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Mn, Fe), specifying the garnet type (composition in various mineralogical end-members, e.g. almandine, pyrope, spessartite, …), and the trace element content (Cr, Y). Three sorts of garnets were identified. Ten jewels are adorned with almandine garnets (Fe-rich). One jewel has intermediate almandine-pyrope garnets (“rhodolite”). The last and most recent jewel is inlaid with pyrope (Mg-rich) garnets. Trace element content and slight differences in major composition allowed to distinguish five different sources: two sources for pyrope garnets (with and without chromium), and two sources for almandine garnets (distinctive calcium, magnesium and yttrium contents). A preliminary comparison with literature data suggested that almandine garnets may have been mined from India while the “rhodolite” garnets may have been imported from Sri Lanka. The sources of pyrope garnets could be the Bohemian deposits (Czech republic). In addition, μ-Raman spectrometry was used to identify most of the mineral inclusions (apatite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, calcite, quartz) present in almandine garnets. Even if two specific types of inclusions were not identified, due to the lack of corresponding reference spectra in our database, the Raman spectra collected provided an interesting inclusion fingerprint.
March 2000
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244 Reads
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70 Citations
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
A large collection of emeralds of various occurrences has been analysed by PIXE/PIGE in view to establish a compositional database. Major elements (Be, Si, Al) and trace elements (Li, F, Na, Mg, Ca, Rb, Cs and transition metals) are determined using an external 3 MeV proton micro-beam. Elemental micro-mapping permits to select the useful provenance tracers. This database was applied to infer the origin of several ancient emeralds set on historical jewels.
April 1999
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155 Reads
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56 Citations
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
External beam PIXE analysis allows the non-destructive in situ characterisation of gemstones mounted on jewellery pieces. This technique was used for the determination of the geographical origin of 64 rubies set on a high-valued necklace. The trace element content of these gemstones was measured and compared to that of a set of rubies of known sources. Multivariate statistical processing of the results allowed us to infer the provenance of rubies : one comes from Thailand/Cambodia deposit while the remaining are attributed to Burma. This highlights the complementary capabilities of PIXE and conventional gemological observations.
... Data obtained from measurements across many studies on similar pieces of jewellery [7,9,42] show considerable agreement not only in the certain band positions but also in the form of mineral inclusions (masked mainly by a strong garnet Raman signal). Based on this data, the conditions in which these minerals were formed might be assumed [12,42,43]. ...
January 2006
... In central Europe, the extensive use of garnets in personal jewellery then decreased throughout the course of the 6th century ad and disappeared almost entirely in the 7th century, a period associated with a suspected closure of sea routes to India by the Sasanians and later by the Muslim Arab invasion (Rupp, 1937;Whitehouse and Williamson, 1973;Roth, 1980;Sidebotham, 1991;von Freeden et al., 2000;Lennartz, 2001). The causative relationship, however, has been questioned, and other factors-including changes in fashion and/or burial habits concomitant with Christianization-may have contributed to the decline in garnet use (Calligaro et al., 2006(Calligaro et al., -2007Gilg et al., 2010;Drauschke, 2011;Sorg, 2011). Summarizing the various periods in which garnet played an important role in glyptic and jewellery, Adams (2011) referred to the span from 300 bc to ad 700 as the 'garnet millennium'. ...
January 2007
... Cluster A garnets, generally comprised of chromiumbearing almandines originating most probably from Southern India (Greiff, 1998;Calligaro et al., 2008;Gilg et al., 2010;2018), are the earliest ones in use in the Migration Period Carpathian Basin, applied from the beginning of the Hunnic Period (Horváth et al., 2019). Group X garnets, almandines with a higher magnesium content, originate from the placer Figure 11. ...
January 2006
... The use of limestone sarcophagi is quite rare on the site as it concerns only six subjects in the primary position (and seven secondary deposits), the bodies being mainly deposited either directly in the pits (34 individuals) or in wooden containers, presumably casings (74 individuals). The presence of sarcophagus can characterize prestigious topographical situations (i.e., interior of a cult building) that potentially mark spaces dedicated to the memory of the deceased belonging to a specific aristocratic group [70][71][72]. Their use and reuse by members of the same family have even been demonstrated through DNA [73]. ...
January 2005
... This photoluminescence pattern, indeed, is typical of monazite-(Ce) with high Nd concentration (Lenz et al., 2015). Garnets with monazite inclusions are attested in previous studies of more ancient objects such as German Medieval cloisonné (Gilg et al., 2019) and Merovingian objects discovered in France (Calligaro et al., 2007). Two gemstones, instead, exhibit the spectrum of quartz (Figure 3d). ...
January 2007
... Although the analysis of trace elements remains the most powerful method for the discrimination of emerald provenance [19,40,42,45], some insights can also be gained by considering the composition of major elements. In this study, emeralds (Table S2 in Supplementary Materials) show medium-high Al 2 O 3 content (16.8-17.6 wt%) and low Na 2 O (0.3-0.6 wt%) and MgO (0.4-0.8 wt%) content compared to emeralds of different provenances analysed using destructive techniques [42,46]. ...
March 2000
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
... On the other hand, as a rising technique, Raman spectroscopy has been commonly introduced into gemmology for only about 20 years, but with the advantages like quick measurement, low sample content requirement and high sensitivity, it is appreciated by museums [15]. Raman spectroscopy is applied to identifying different gems [15], determining the chemical composition [16,17], and deducing the origin [18][19][20]. Both IR and Raman methods are regarded as nondestructive provided that appropriate working modes and parameters are adopted. ...
September 1997
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
... Six chemical compositional categories with varying FeO, CaO, MgO and MnO content, including several types of almandines, pyrope-almandines and one type of pyrope, were discerned to represent five distinct clusters and a chemically heterogeneous group that is yet to be classified further (Table 3; Fig. 6A). For possible provenance assignments of the various types, we used the cluster system of Then-Obłuska et al. (2021), later extended by Nasdala et al. (2023) and Gilg et al. (2024), which summarised relevant geochemical data (Greiff, 1998;Quast and Schüssler, 2000;Calligaro et al., 2002Calligaro et al., , 2007Mannerstrand and Lundqvist, 2003;Gilg et al., 2010Gilg et al., , 2018Gilg and Gast, 2012;Thoresen and Schmetzer, 2013;Schmetzer et al., 2017;Calligaro and Périn, 2019). The band numbering system (Band I-XVI) of Pinet and Smith (1994) Fig. 6A). ...
April 2002
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
... The green boxes show the corundum hosted in dunite and the blue boxes the corundum hosted in lherzolite from this study. Worldwide deposits are from Calligaro et al. (1999) Sutherland et al. (2015Sutherland et al. ( , 2017, Thirangoon (2008) and Zaw et al. (2014). C) The new corundum samples from the Nattivit area are plotted in a FeO -Cr 2 O 3 -MgO -V 2 O 3 vs FeO -TiO + Ga 2 O 3 discrimination diagram after Giuliani et al. (2014) and compared to Keulen et al. (2020) data from Greenland. ...
April 1999
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
... Other techniques like Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) are preferably performed in vacuum chamber. These IBA techniques have been applied to the various fields including the analysis of various type of samples namely archaeological sample, cultural heritages, rubies and coin analysis, glass beads, glass analysis, paintings and forensic samples [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. These types of relative method of analysis require same current for sample and standard and thus measurement of beam current or current normalization is necessary for their quantitative analysis. ...
March 1998
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms