J. M. Notterman's research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places
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Publications (9)
In a group extinguished without prior information the conditioned response showed little tendency to decline in strength over 11 extinction trials. Following the first extinction trial, both an instructed and an instructed-avoidance group were told that they would no longer be shocked. In the latter instance, however, S's were told that the shock w...
Depression of heart rate following electric shock was successfully conditioned to an oscillator-generated tone. Data are presented showing acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery and re-conditioning.
Citations
... Soon after, this initial observation was confirmed by Mowrer (1938) who reported that the conditional electrodermal response could be 'be switched on and off' by removing and reattaching the shock electrode or by using a buzzer system to indicate phases in which the US could be expected. Notterman, Schoenfeld, and Bersh (1952) extended this line of research by confirming that the conditional heart rate response was also subject to instructed extinction. During acquisition, participants were conditioned using a single-cue trace conditioning design (7-s ISI-6-s trace interval). ...
... During the first six trials, the tones were set at easily discriminable differences (400 and 600 Hz). Over the following three sets of trials, however, the discrimination was made much more difficult as the lower tone was made progressively higher, moving from 400 to 550, 590, and finally to 600 Hz.In this last set of six trials, there was of course no difference between the positive and negative conditioned stimuli, i.e. it was an insoluble conflict and similar to the experimental anxiety paradigm used by Notterman et al. (1952). ...
... This finding has posed a substantial difficulty for the traditional description of Pavlovian conditioning as merely the substitution of one stimulus for another as an elicitor of the same response (see Pavlov, 1927). In later work, Bersh, Notterman, and Schoenfeld (1956) found that the acquisition by the subjects of a skeletal response that prevented the occurrence of the shock (i.e., an avoidance response) led to a significant decrease in the magnitude of the conditional heart-rate response, apparently because of the negative correlation between either a proprioceptive or an exteroceptive feedback stimulus (safety signal) and the shock. And Other Problems ...
... These difficulties suggest that some method of estimating the contribution of these factors is needed to clarify the exact nature of the resistance-to-extinction functions. Generalization tests (Guttman & Kalish, 1956) and color-preference data might be obtained from each subject in a preliminary phase of the experiment, followed by prolonged extinction (Bersh, Schoenfeld, & Notterman, 1950 ), and only then, experimentation with the procedure outlined in the present experiment. ...
... In fear conditioning, freezing responses (Estes and Skinner, 1941) are induced by a stimulus that signals aversive events. Physiological responses, such as salivary response, changes in skin conductance, heart rate, pupil dilation, body temperature, and respiration, are also acquired through Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927;Notterman et al., 1952;Wood and Obrist, 1964;Öhman et al., 1976;Esteves et al., 1994;Leuchs et al., 2017;Lonsdorf et al., 2017;Pietrock et al., 2019;Ojala and Bach, 2020). Pavlovian conditioning includes several response types: preparatory, consummatory, and opponent responses to unconditioned responses (Konorski, 1967;Solomon and Corbit, 1974). ...
... as shown in Figure 5. As expected (Notterman, Schoenfeld, & Bersh, 1952;Panitz, Hermann, & Mueller, 2015;Sperl et al., 2016), direct comparisons indicated stronger deceleration for the aversive CS+ than the neutral CS+ (14 vs. 4 ms; p = .016). In addition, there was stronger deceleration for the CS-than the neutral CS+ (p = .035). ...
