J. B. Free’s research while affiliated with Central Tuber Crops Research Institute and other places

... What is needed is a BSF fly cage that functions as a place for BSF to mate and produce eggs until hatching (Čičková et al., 2015). The cage is covered with wire or gauze and put in a place exposed to sunlight (Free & Williams, 1979). For the place of laying eggs for female BSF flies, it is necessary to prepare cardboard, wood, or boards that have gaps (Chia et al., 2018). ...

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COMMUNITY SERVICE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PARTNER PKM- PDM WASTE INDEPENDENT VILLAGE IN KELING JEPARA VILLAGE

... Natural Nasonov pheromone is a mixture of six monoterpenes: (E) citral, (Z) citral, geraniol, nerol, geranic acid, nerolic acid, plus the sesquiterpene (E,E)-farnesol, with the approximate ratio of 1:1:1:100:75:12.5:50. The synthetic Nasonov pheromone used in this study consists of a 1:1:1 mixture of citral, geraniol, and nerol [24][25][26]30]. The most important components for clustering are reported to be (E) citral, geraniol, and nerolic acid [31], though other studies have suggested that all seven terpenoids are required to achieve a full attractive effect [32]. ...

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Terpenoid-Induced Feeding Deterrence and Antennal Response of Honey Bees

... Both modes of pollination (self or cross) have been reported in mangoes; however, the results of pollination studies vary greatly due to cultivar differences in modes of pollination (Dutta et al., 2013;Huda et al., 2015;Ramírez and Davenport, 2016). Several studies indicate great benefits of insect pollination (Dag et al., 2009;Ramírez and Davenport, 2016), whilst others indicate wind as an effective pollination vector for mango (Free and Williams, 1976;Sousa et al., 2010). However, insignificant pollen flow in air currents has also been observed (Singh, 1961). ...

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Wild native insects are efficient pollinators of mangoes in the Northern Territory of Australia

... These distinct plant morphs are planted in rows or bays of rows, and pollinators travelling directly from male flowers deposit much higher canola pollen loads (32.19 grains) on female stigmas than pollinators travelling from female to female flowers (1.73 grains) (Waytes 2017). However, honey bees have been known to orient themselves to the rows and forage up and down rather than crossing between rows or bays (Free 1966, Thorp 1979, and the relative contribution of nectar and pollen foragers to hybrid seed pollination is unclear. ...

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Pollen Collection, Honey Production, and Pollination Services: Managing Honey Bees in an Agricultural Setting

... However, when crosspollination takes place, fruit quality -in terms of fruit size and symmetry-significantly improves (Sedgley and Griffin 1989;Bellini 1993;. In Belgium, the variety Doyenne do Comice is commonly planted in the same orchard as pollinizer given its compatibility and bloom synchrony (Free and Spencer-Booth 1964). In practice, plant growth hormones such as gibberellins are also commonly used to improve fruit set artificially, resulting in fruits that are entirely or partially seedless (Richard et al. 2001;Tromp and Wertheim 2005). ...

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Making a Pest Beneficial: Fungus Gnats [Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridea)] as Potential Vectors of Microbial Control Agents to Suppress Pathogens they Also Spread

... vulgaris L.), P. coccineus requires cross-pollination, which is performed mainly by bees, bumblebees and hummingbirds, the majority of which are wild (Burquez and Sarukhán, 1980;Labuda, 2010). Studies of pollination in this crop have focused on the characterization of floral visitors (Burquez and Sarukhán, 1980) and the mechanisms of pollination (self-pollination and cross-pollination) in the first days of flowering (Williams and Free, 1975), as well as the efficiency of different pollinator species in terms of reproductive success (Free, 1966;Kendall and Smith, 1976;Pando et al., 2011;Tchuenguem et al., 2014). However, no studies have been directed towards determining whether the community of floral visitors of P. coccineus and its activity vary as a function of the type of agricultural management system and flower color. ...

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Floral visitors in the crop Phaseolus coccineus (Fabaceae) on the Altiplano of Puebla, Mexico: importance of agricultural management and flower color

... In addition to distance between cultivars, the arrangement of cultivars can influence pollen flow and cross-pollination rates (Fig. 3). For example, mixing cultivars within the same row may enhance cross-pollination by bees given that many bees including honey bees Apis mellifera frequently forage in a linear pattern known as traplining (Free and Spencer-Booth 1963;Jackson and Clarke 1991;Cresswell et al. 1995;Cresswell 1997;Lihoreau et al. 2013). Such linear foraging behaviors, combined with preferences and floral constancy to certain cultivars, have been shown to limit cross-pollination in crops like blueberries (Estravis- Barcala et al. 2021) and almonds (Jackson 1996). ...

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Intraspecific crop diversity for enhanced crop pollination success. A review

... Pseudogermination occurs when the pollen grain initiates a germination sequence, but is interrupted prior to full pollen tube formation. A significant body of work shows that pollen collected and stored by honey bees has reduced capacity to pollinate female flowers, in part due to loss of germination potential (Singh and Boynton 1949;Griggs and Vansell 1950;Griggs et al. 1953;Johansen 1956;Kraai 1962;Free and Durrant 1966;Mesquida and Renard 1989;Vaissiere et al. 1996). Post collection, further processing and storage in the comb may change germination potential as well. ...

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Retained metabolic activity in honey bee collected pollen has implications for pollen digestion and effects on honey bee health

... First, it was demonstrated that bees adapt to their own alarm pheromones. When a dispenser containing synthetic alarm substances is placed into a hive, within 1 h the bees become less inclined to sting and do not differentiate between scented and control targets (Al-Sa'ad et al., 1985;Free, 1988). Under natural conditions, however, the high volatility of IAA makes adaptation very unlikely. ...

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The defensive response of the honeybee Apis mellifera

... Globally, various communities have developed different attractant baits for bee swarms. To date, the most researched and effective attractants reported are the synthetic blends of queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) and Nasonov gland pheromone (NGP) from workers (Bortolotti & Costa, 2014;Kigatiira et al., 1986;Schmidt, 1999;Winston et al., 1993). The QMP is naturally produced in the mandibular glands of queen honey bees to regulate several colony behaviours, including swarming (Bortolotti & Costa, 2014;Grozinger et al., 2014). ...

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Evaluation of volatiles from ethnobotanical plants as attractants for the honey bee swarms in Kenya