International Monetary Fund’s scientific contributions

... Periods since then have seen fluctuating trends between the two rates, with lending rate much higher than deposit rate. With the current macroeconomic fundamentals of the economy gradually nearing those of the 1994-2000 periods (see ISSER, 2013;Bawumia, 2014;Ghana, 2014), questions are often asked as to whether similar implications on spreads should be expected. It is worth noting that comparatively, Ghana's financial sector is relatively becoming more developed, liberalised, and less concentrated. ...

Reference:

Macroeconomic Determinants of Interest Rate Spreads in Ghana

... stricter capital regulation. Recent evidence shows that large U.S. banks subject to the stress tests have been increasing their regulatory capital and their deposits base (International Monetary Fund, 2015). Our results indicate that this trend may help them withstand the tougher regulations. ...

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International Banking and Cross-Border Effects of Regulation: Lessons from the United States

... In the case of the Donbas, the GDP per capita at PPP fell from $6212 in 1988 to $2805 in 1998, expanding later to $7003 in 2004. DOSO (1991a DOSO ( , 1992a); DOCSO (2004a, 2004b); USSC (2000, 2002, 2003, 2004a); PCSO (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004a); VSO (1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998); SOK (2000, 2001, 2002a, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a); Szczepański (1998a: 43); World Bank (1991, 2000c, 2003a); UNDP (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2003, 2004Thus, although the level of industrial production in the two regions has only recently approached full recovery, Figure 2.3 clearly indicates that by 2005 both of the overall regional economies not only fully recovered to their pre-transformation levels but also expanded substantially beyond. The common upward growth trend becomes even more apparent when the remaining estimated shadow economy share is added to the one already included in the official statistics: the data presented in Figure 2.3 show that the overall size of the Upper Silesian economy in 2004 was 195 per cent of its 1988 level at current market prices and 169 per cent at purchasing power parity prices. ...

Reference:

The Political Economy of Post-Communism: The Donbas and Upper Silesia in Transition

... In this context, a positive p * t shock will result in greater revenues from exports and enhanced mining returns, in turn encouraging other investors to develop mining projects in Peru. Higher incomes result in improved income tax revenues (mainly mining canon revenues), which creates more fiscal space to finance public investment; see IMF (2015) and Jiménez and Rodríguez (2020). ...

Reference:

Time changing effects of external shocks on macroeconomic fluctuations in Peru: empirical application using regime-switching VAR models with stochastic volatility

... It makes Indonesia as the largest Muslim population country but in the reality, the growth of Islamic MFIs has been sluggish and far behind the conventional MFIs. Micro-businesses themselves dominates 98.85% of total business with absorb 90.98% of the total labor force and their contribution to GDP was 57.12% in 2013 [12]. In August 2013, there were 11 Islamic commercial banks with 1920 number of offices, 24 Islamic business unit with 554 number of offices and 160 Islamic rural banks with 398 numbers of offices. ...

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Islamic microfinance institutions in Indonesia and the challenges in the supply chain perspectives