International Journal Of Zoology and Applied Biosciences’s scientific contributions

Study was designed to evaluate to assess the histology effects of propargite insecticides were treated on the gill and liver tissues of the fresh water fish, Channa striatus were determined by UV-Fluorescence microscopy. The effects of propargite were studied to determine the 96 h LC50value (0.34ppm) on Channa striatus and investigate histology changes of fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration as control, 0.034ppm, 0.102ppm of 15days and 30 days of propargite. Observation of the gills and liver tissues results showed that remarkable effects of propargite toxicity as compared to control groups. However, histology damage in the gill and liver of the fish. The most common gill changes of propargite such as degenerated primary gill lamella, lamellar fusion, cellular necrosis and epithelial rupture, curling of secondary gill lamella, degenerate blood congestion, epithelial lifting, damaged epithelial cells, were reported. The liver appearance of blood streaks hepatocytes, close to a bile duct, degeneration vacuolar, pyknotic nucleic and congestion of sinusoids with necrosis in the treated fish. In conclusion, modify observed propargite is harmful to channa striatus at sub lethal concentrations and the pesticide close to bodies of water is a dangerous threat to aquatic life.

The present study was executed on the androgenic gland of mangrove crab Parasesarma plicatum to study the morphology, histology and its function in male reproduction. Morphologically, the androgenic gland is attached to wall of the ejaculatory duct. The light microscopic study showed two cell types. Type 1 cells are small with large nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. Type 2 cells occupy more space in the glandular region. These are larger cells with basophilic nuclei and involve in secretary activity. This suggests the function of androgenic gland in male reproduction of crabs.

The present study shows that working performance of cooperative banking in respect of agricultural credit and rural development. The present study makes an attempt to analyze the growth of these banks in India. The study revealed that the increase in the level of agricultural loans granted by the cooperative banks positively influence the development of agriculture in India. To grant loans to SCARDBs for the purposes approved by NABARD and Registrar of Cooperative Societies.

Bimodal respiration was studied in Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens in relation to life stages, spawning and fighting behaviors. The rates of aquatic and total respiration of test animals were decreased with an advancement of life stages from fry to adult. However, the trend was reversed in aerial respiration. The mean percentage of aquatic respiration was 100, 96, 45 and 46 as against aerial respiration 0, 4.4, 55 and 53 in the fry, fingerlings, adolescent and adult stages of B. splendens respectively. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference found on percent aquatic or aerial respiration in adolescent and adult stages of B. splendens. Male individuals exhibited the more metabolic rate (aquatic, aerial and total respirations) at pre-and post-spawning significantly (P <0.01) as compared to female individuals. Aerial respiration was high in male B. splendens prior to fight between themselves while after fighting, aquatic and total respirations were significantly (P<0.05) increased in male individuals. After fighting, aerial respiration was drastically declined to 16 and 19 times in the loser and winner male B. splendens while aquatic respiration was increased to 3 times in both males.

Frequent surveys from July 2016 to June 2017 in a temperate deciduous forest of Ghingran valley resulted in identification 41 birds species, 15 families and 4 orders. Family Accipitdae with 7 species dominants in all birds. The fauna includes 3 threatened, viz. Gyps indicus, Gyps himalayensis and lophura lecomelanus, 9 endemic species, 27 species were found to have widespread distribution and very common in Ghingran valley.

Studies on avian communities especially cavity nesting birds are significant to understand their status and distribution in relation habitat requirements. The Rose Ringed Parakeet is one of the secondary cavity-nesting bird species. The present study was carried out in two different habitats viz., Palmyra and Coconut tree plantations. The Line transect method was applied to count the Rose Ringed Parakeet bird population in both the habitats. Temporally among three years of the study the year I (2013-14) showed the highest bird density (15.1±0.63 No./km.) and the year II (2014-15) showed the lowest bird density (13.2±0.51No/km). Spatially highest bird density was recorded in the Palmyra tree plantation than the Coconut tree plantation. The density of Rose Ringed Parakeet varied significantly between the habitats and among the years (P<0.001). The present study revealed that fluctuations and density of Rose Ringed Parakeet could vary spatio-temporally.

The mortality was observed in larvae after 24 h of exposure. The LC 50 values were 157.8, 173.1 and 192.3 ppm, respectively. Larvae that were alive after 24 h of extract treatment at LC 50 were collected for biochemical and histological examination. The quantitative estimations of glycogen, protein and AchE (brain) was carried out for the Culex quinquifasciatus body tissues of normal and ethanol extract treated larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Cx. quinquifasciatus. The extracts produced significant alterations in the biochemical profiles of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex larvae. Further, the impacting factors of extracts on carbohydrate, protein contents and AchE activity of larvae are species specific. The results indicate altered metabolic activity of the larvae. Histological changes in the mid-gut region of third instar larvae of Cx. quinquifasciatus exposed to LC 50 of Catharanthus roseus ethanolic extract presented an irregularly structured brush border after 24 h. The cells began to swell via a slight vacuolization, with disorganized, shortened and confluent microvilli membranes. The structural disorganization of the mid-gut epithelium was evident; cells did not show the characteristic morphology and had destroyed features when compared to control. Based on the results of biochemical status and histological changes of ethanol extracts of C. roseus, it can be concluded that the extract could be a new novel source of various larvicidal active compounds for controlling mosquito vectors.

Corpora lutea of normal (11-15 days) and regressing category (16-21 days) of goat were analysed for morphological and biochemical variations. For biochemical studies, total lipids cholesterol content and proteins were estimated. Corpus luteum was comprised of two types of steroidogenic cells viz Granulosa luteal cells and Theca luteal cells. Ultrastructurally, regressing corpus luteum revealed disorganization of luteal cells with shrunken cytoplasm, uneven nuclear membrane, increased number of lipid droplets and lysosomes, apoptotic granules, disintegrating and vacuolated rough endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria as compared to normal corpus luteum. The total lipid content was less in normal corpus luteum (1.840 ± 0.52 mg/100 mg) and more in regressing corpus luteum (3. 108 ± 0.84 mg/100 mg). The value of cholesterol was more in regressing (2.683±0.31g/100 mg) as compared to large category (.315 ± 0.04g/100 mg). Whereas the value of protein content of normal corpus luteum was found to be more (19.55 ± 3.45 mg/g wt. of the tissue) as compared to regressing corpus luteum (17.46 ± 1.70 mg/g wt. of the tissue). Ultrastructurally presence of lysosomes during regression corresponds to the autophagocytotic bodies with minimum progesterone level. During regression maximum amount of lipids and cholesterol shows less progesterone production as compared to normal corpus luteum whereas lesser content of protein during regression is related to lesser production of steroidogenic enzymes.