I Made Pria Dharsana’s research while affiliated with Warmadewa University and other places

Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to establish a happy and everlasting family based on belief in God Almighty. In practice, marriage must fulfill the prescribed formal and material requirements. If these requirements are not met, the marriage can be annulled, leading to various legal consequences. This research aims to analyze the legal impacts of marriage annulment due to identity fraud based on the Marriage Law and the Compilation of Islamic Law. The research method employed is normative juridical with a doctrinal approach, utilizing secondary data from document studies and case analysis. The results indicate that marriages conducted with identity fraud are declared null and void by a court decision, rendering the marriage as though it never existed. This decision affects joint property and the legal status of children born from such marriages. This research has implications for strengthening legal regulations to prevent identity fraud in marriages and raising public awareness of the importance of validating marriage documents.

The practice of nominee agreements has occurred in Indonesia repeatedly; the agreement uses the power of attorney where the agreement uses the name of an Indonesian citizen to transfer power of attorney to a foreign citizen. A Nominee Agreement made by two parties, namely between an Indonesian citizen and a foreign citizen as the attorney (Nominee), is made through an agreement package to provide all authority that may arise in the legal relationship between a person and his land to a foreign party as a person who is given the power to act as the actual owner. The agreement borrows the name of an Indonesian citizen as the Nominee, and this is a legal smuggling because its substance is contrary to Article 21 paragraph (1) and Article 26 paragraph (2) of Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning the UUPA. In addition, the existence of a loan agreement in the name must be based on the terms and principles of freedom of contract as stipulated in Article 1320 and Article 1338 Paragraph (1) of the Civil Code. For this reason, an objective and comprehensive attitude and understanding are needed from the NotaryNotary in assessing the contents of the land sale and purchase agreement, primarily related to the one-sided agreement. In reality, in the author's opinion, nominee agreements do not comply with the positive law in force in Indonesia because the purpose of this agreement contains elements of bad ethics.

Purpose:A notary is a public official who must provide services to the community; it is desired to be included in responding to the progress of the times, especially those related to the use of technology through teleconferences. Teleconference is a human association or association that is carried out at a far radius using electronic means.Methodology:The type of research used is normative legal research. The object under study is legal norms, namely related to norms contained in article 16 paragraph (1) letter (m) UUJN-P confirms that a notary must be physically present and sign the deed in the presence of appearers and witnesses. In fact, with technological advances that are very supportive, appearers and witnesses may not be physically present, for example, by holding a teleconference.Findings:The results of this study are that the formality of an authentic deed read by a Notary via teleconference media via video is valid and must have completed parameters related to evidence so that the norm of proof is explained, namely that a proof given at trial is valid as evidence, fulfilling all formal and material aspects.Implication:Regarding the deed that is permitted to use video conferencing media in the form of a general meeting of shareholders (GMS), where the parties are not required to be present at the preparation of the deed, it is enough to be replaced by someone to come to the notary. The signing of the deed in this era of digitalization has yet to have full proof.

Purpose: A Substitute Notary is temporarily appointed as a Notary to replace a Notary who is on leave or sick. In Article 65 of the UUJNP, there is no explanation regarding the limits of the Substitute Notary's liability after his/her term ends. It is illogical because the limits of the Substitute Notary's authority end when the limits stated in his/her decision letter have expired, and he/she must still be responsible until his/her last breath.Methodology:The author uses a normative legal research method, legislative approach, legal concept analysis, case approach and comparative approach. The author's legal sources use primary and secondary law and tertiary legal materials. The legal collection technique uses document study techniques and recording.Findings: The responsibilities of a substitute notary can be divided into 4, namely: (1) Civil Liability of a Substitute Notary, (2) Criminal Liability of a Substitute Notary, and (3) Administrative Liability of a Substitute Notary. Legal protection for a substitute notary can be divided into 2: preventive legal protection and repressive protection.Implication:The responsibility of the Substitute Notary is only in the formal form of the authentic deed as stipulated in the law, so the Notary is not responsible for the contents of the deed. When carrying out their duties, a substitute notary will receive legal protection, including preventive legal protection to prevent disputes from occurring and repressive protection to resolve disputes that have already occurred. It is outlined in Article 66 of the UUJNP as a form of settlement effort if the notary is questioned.

em>The Notary's participation in preventing money laundering is to report to PPATK when they know of suspicious financial transactions related to the deed they made. The Notary's position as a whistleblower in the event of suspected suspicious financial transactions as an effort to prevent money laundering has not violated the principle of confidentiality of position. Instead, the Notary must apply the precautionary principle. Notary as the reporting party is an implementation of its obligations stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) point an of UUJN, namely acting trustfully and honestly. The State appoints notaries to serve the public in civil Law. Therefore Notaries must also take care not to let the State be harmed by attempts to disguise money from criminal acts. Notaries with this submit to higher interests. This is so that Notaries do not get involved in money laundering cases because they are considered to help carry out a criminal act</em

p> The Business Judgement Rule is a doctrine that protects Directors in good faith for the Company's losses. The point is that as long as the Board of Directors acts in good faith and solely for the Company's benefit. However, it turns out that the Company still suffers losses. It does not necessarily become the burden of the Board of Directors personal responsibility. Therefore, the Board of Directors cannot be held responsible for the Company's losses if the Board of Directors, in carrying out actions, has fulfilled all its obligations with the principles of good corporate Governance (GCG). If all GCG obligations and principles have been fulfilled, the Board of Directors is categorized as having good faith and cannot be declared wrong. The results of the author's study, in the context of the Business Judgment Rule Doctrine, the losses incurred are normal or reasonable business losses, and therefore the Company is responsible. And no one can be punished if there is no mistake. With the background of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 0 1/PHPUPres/XVII/2 0 19 (Constitutional Court Decision 0 1) and two Supreme Court Decisions, the author tries to examine in more detail related to Decision No. 3849/K/Pid.Sus/2 0 19 dated December 2, 2 0 19, on behalf of Defendant Frederick ST Siahaan (former Finance Director of Pertamina) / (Supreme Court Decision 3849) and Decision No. 121K/Pid.Sus/2 0 2 0 dated March 9, 2 020 , on behalf of Defendant Karen Agustiawan (former President Director of Pertamina) . </p

This paper analyzes the legal protection of ownership of apartment units against foreign nationals in Indonesia. The focus of the study in this paper is the ambiguity of protection and legal certainty in the provisions of Article 144 of the Copyright Law jo. Article 71 paragraph (1) PP No. 18 of 2021 concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flat Units, and Land Registration, which regulates the granting of Ownership Rights to Flat Units to foreigners over HGB and use rights if land rights are not extended. The method used is a normative legal research approach, namely a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. As an analytical tool for the legal issues studied, the author uses the theory of legal certainty, the theory of legal protection and the theory of justice. The legal materials used are primary legal materials in the form of legislation, which are complemented by secondary legal materials in the form of reputable journals and the latest literature. The results that can be concluded in this study are the Job Creation Act and PP No. 18 of 2021 does not stipulate if the rights to the land that are the basis of the apartment are not extended or renewed, so that it does not reflect the existence of legal certainty over the ownership of flats by foreigners. This also has implications for the legal protection that will be obtained by foreigners, so that foreigners may lose money when buying flats in Indonesia, because their bargaining position is weaker in Indonesian land law. The purpose of this analysis is to provide certainty and legal protection of ownership of flats for foreign nationals in Indonesia.

This research aims to provide an understanding of the determination to cancel a child's birth certificate that can potentially violate children's human rights. So that the role of judges as a judicial institution is needed to protect children's rights as it should. Marriage registration is merely an administrative action and does not affect the validity of the marriage. Errors in marriage registration should not necessarily affect the status of the child's position. Because after all, birth certificates are issued by the state to protect and provide legal certainty over the child's status. This research used a typology of research with a prescriptive form and then normative juridical research methods with secondary data derived from laws and regulations relating to child protection. In conclusion, legal action to cancel a child's birth certificate due to legal defects in a marriage can be said to be an action that is contrary to the principle of the best interests of the child, therefore it is fitting that the application for annulment of a child's birth certificate be properly considered by the panel of judges who act as an extension of the state in the judicial field.

Disputes over the transfer of ownership rights to land through the sale and purchase of land that often occur in society are caused by the Indonesian land registration system, which adheres to a hostile system. Certificates of land rights that have been registered have many possibilities for legal defects to arise, and the consequences will cause problems that lead to requests for Cancellation. The problems of this research are, first, what is the authority of the Office of the National Land Agency in resolving land cases, and second, what is the form of legal protection for holders of land rights whose transfers are canceled. This research is a normative law-type research using a statutory and case approach. This study concludes that first, the authority of the National Land Agency Office in settlement of land cases has been regulated in Ministerial Regulation IATR/BPN No. 21I of 2020; IBPN has two alternative land dispute settlements, namely, the first is settlement through the judiciary to obtain a court decision. Second, dispute settlement through mediation seeks a win-win solution, and a peace agreement is drawn up. The second type of legal protection for holders of land rights whose transfer has been canceled, particularly for third parties as holders of ownership rights, can be given to parties whose certificates of ownership are repressively canceled. The aim is to achieve legal clarity, providing legal protection to all parties.

Purpose:A notary is a public official who must provide services to the community; it is desired to be included in responding to the progress of the times, especially those related to the use of technology through teleconferences. Teleconference is a human association or association that is carried out at a far radius using electronic means.Methodology:The type of research used is normative legal research. The object under study is legal norms, namely related to norms contained in article 16 paragraph (1) letter (m) UUJN-P confirms that a notary must be physically present and sign the deed in the presence of appearers and witnesses. In fact, with technological advances that are very supportive, appearers and witnesses may not be physically present, for example, by holding a teleconference.Findings:The results of this study are that the formality of an authentic deed read by a Notary via teleconference media via video is valid and must have completed parameters related to evidence so that the norm of proof is explained, namely that a proof given at trial is valid as evidence, fulfilling all formal and material aspects.Implication:Regarding the deed that is permitted to use video conferencing media in the form of a general meeting of shareholders (GMS), where the parties are not required to be present at the preparation of the deed, it is enough to be replaced by someone to come to the notary. The signing of the deed in this era of digitalization has yet to have full proof.