I. Gede Sumertha’s research while affiliated with National Defense University and other places

In recent years, the Southeast Asian region has witnessed an increase in terrorism threats, posing significant challenges to its security and stability. To address this pressing issue, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has taken a proactive approach by establishing the ASEAN Counter Terrorism and Peacekeeping Task Force. This research aims to explore the formation of this task force, with a specific focus on Indonesia's key role in cooperation with the United States, and assess its impact on strengthening regional security. The main objective of this research is to examine the reasons behind the establishment of the ASEAN Counter Terrorism and Peacekeeping Task Force and understand the factors that underlie Indonesia's selection as the leading sector. Using qualitative research methods, this study seeks to gather insights into the motivations, strategies, and goals of this collaborative effort. The research findings will elucidate the importance of the ASEAN Counter Terrorism and Peacekeeping Task Force, where Indonesia plays a crucial role as the leading sector in maintaining regional security stability in ASEAN, collaborating with the United States. Through close partnership with the United States, Indonesia has the potential to become the leading sector in the ASEAN Counter Terrorism and Peacekeeping Task Force.

Indonesia is currently facing quite serious challenges in terms of the abuse of narcotics and illegal drugs. In general, narcotics and psychotropic substances can be used as medicinal ingredients in the medical field and in the development of science. The effects of this dependence can result in death. Not only that, other aspects such as moral and social are also affected by narcotics abuse. One of the biggest problems in Riau is the high circulation of drugs coming from abroad. The high distribution of drugs is influenced by various factors, in this case, geographical and demographic conditions in Riau. Based on the identification of drug-handling problems in Riau Province that have been explained, this paper has the objectives of, among others, analyzing efforts to implement P4GN, especially in the context of tackling drug trafficking and abuse in Riau Province; and analyze efforts to implement P4GN in Riau from a national security perspective. This research approach is qualitative with a descriptive research design. The research location is in Riau Province with the determination of informants using a purposive sampling technique. Collaborative governance focuses on the voluntary aspects of collaborative practice. From the voluntary aspect is expected that every actor involved can work optimally to achieve goals in the effort to implement P4GN in Riau Province. Communities, especially in Riau and throughout Indonesia in general, to correctly understand the concept of national security in a comprehensive manner.

Good governance has become a popular term for influencing public sector reform in many countries. As a new government theory, governance with a good governance strategy has also received significant attention from the scientific community. Scholars have different perspectives when discussing the topic of good governance. The political perspective examines the ideal governance, especially in terms of state defense. As a maritime country, Indonesia is certainly not free from problems that threaten state defense from the marine sector. After the unilateral claim to the North Natuna Sea from China with its nine-dash line (NDL), the Indonesian government then strengthened its defense strategy in the North Natuna Sea area. This step has its own risks for both Indonesia and the region, so the Indonesian government needs to make efforts to strengthen the state defense sector. This study tries to fill the gaps in thinking about good governance strategies in addressing the potential threat to the North Natuna Sea by reviewing journal articles on good governance in an effort to address the North Natuna Sea area, which are published in national journals. This study uses a descriptive analytical method using the theory of national interest and the concept of good governance to bring up an explanation of how the policy between the soft approach and hard approach is carried out by the Indonesian government i in managing potential conflict in the South China Sea which will impact the North Natuna Sea region. The study of good governance includes the coordination and cooperation between the central government and the local government of Riau Islands Province, where the North Natuna Sea is located, particularly how this local government performs in fulfilling its population's needs, in line with the central government policy. This study also develops from important issues related to state defense, where in an effort to maintain state defense through the South China Sea, the state takes a diplomatic approach from the aspect of military strength (hard power) and non-military (soft power). Certainly, this study acknowledges its weaknesses and suggests future research.

Indonesia is currently facing quite serious challenges in terms of the abuse of narcotics and illegal drugs. In general, narcotics and psychotropic substances can be used as medicinal ingredients in the medical field and in the development of science. The effects of this dependence can result in death. Not only that, other aspects such as moral and social are also affected by narcotics abuse. One of the biggest problems in Riau is the high circulation of drugs coming from abroad. The high distribution of drugs is influenced by various factors, in this case, geographical and demographic conditions in Riau. Based on the identification of drug-handling problems in Riau Province that have been explained, this paper has the objectives of, among others, analyzing efforts to implement P4GN, especially in the context of tackling drug trafficking and abuse in Riau Province; and analyze efforts to implement P4GN in Riau from a national security perspective. Collaborative governance focuses on the voluntary aspects of collaborative practice. From the voluntary aspect is expected that every actor involved can work optimally to achieve goals in the effort to implement the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Trafficking (P4GN) in Riau Province. With clear regulations and awareness of the importance of saving the nation's generation from the dangers of drugs, empirically the gray zones at the functional and operational levels can be mapped to the fullest so that the realization of a Drug-Clean Indonesia can be realized.

The Laman Kinipan Indigenous People have been in an agrarian conflict with PT Sawit Mandiri Lestari for years; they claim that PT SML has taken their indigenous territory, mainly consisting of customary forest, with a permit issued by the Indonesian government. PT SML cleared thousands of hectares of Kalimantan forest, which sparked protests from indigenous peoples. The land-clearing act affected indigenous peoples in several aspects, such as massive floods that had never happened before, to violent conflicts that befell indigenous peoples. This study aims to find out how the fulfillment of the rights of the Laman Kinipan, indigenous people, towards the realization of Indonesia's national security. This research was conducted using interviews and literature studies with an analysis process using the theory of national security with sub-theories of environmental security and human security. The results of this study indicate that the government's failure to fulfill the demands and rights of indigenous peoples affects national security, namely environmental security and human security. The researchers conclude that this conflict is a threat to national security, especially from environmental and human security elements. The government can accelerate the realization of national security if it fulfills the rights and demands of the Laman Kinipan indigenous people.

The defense strategy has both the opportunity and challenge of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which is beginning to change the way of life, the way of working, and the way of relating to one another. Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a revolutionary change based on information technology marked by the emergence of digital technology, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, Big Data, and unmanned systems as well. This study examines the influence of the presence of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 on the national defense perspective to find new technologies and implement human resource development strategies using the method of review of literature in descriptive. Information technology has a role to completely replace various activities and the quality of human action. Advances in information technology development have become increasingly competitive and have consequences for applications in formulating defense strategies. This study examines academic perspectives using qualitative methods through the analysis of literature studies from various sources such as books, journals, and others, to develop modern defense strategies using information technology of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The conclusion of the research shows that the use of information technology in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 facilitates the process of making decisions and policies more quickly, precisely, and accurately in developing a modern national defense strategy.