January 2025
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1 Read
Diversity
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January 2025
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1 Read
Diversity
January 2025
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25 Reads
Molecules
Lantana camara L. is native to tropical America and has naturalized in many other tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions in Asia, Africa, Oceania, North and South America, and Europe. L. camara infests diverse habitats with a wide range of climatic factors, and its population increases aggressively as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. Its infestation reduces species diversity and abundance in the natural ecosystems and reduces agricultural production. The life history characteristics of L. camara, such as its high reproductive ability and high adaptive ability to various environmental conditions, may contribute to its ability to infest and increase its population. Possible evidence of the compounds involved in the defense functions of L. camara against natural enemies, such as herbivore mammals and insects, parasitic nematodes, pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and the allelochemicals involved in its allelopathy against neighboring competitive plant species, have accumulated in the literature over three decades. Lantadenes A and B, oleanonic acid, and icterogenin are highly toxic to herbivore mammals, and β-humulene, isoledene, α-copaene thymol, and hexadecanoic acid have high insecticidal activity. β-Caryophyllene and cis-3-hexen-1-ol may function as herbivore-induced plant volatiles which are involved in sending warning signals to undamaged tissues and the next plants of the same species. Farnesol and farnesal may interrupt insect juvenile hormone biosynthesis and cause abnormal metamorphosis of insects. Several triterpenes, such as lantanolic acid, lantoic acid, pomolic acid, camarin, lantacin, camarinin, ursolic acid, and oleanonic acid, have demonstrated nematocidal activity. Lantadene A, β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, β-curcumene, eicosapentaenoic acid, and loliolide may possess antimicrobial activity. Allelochemicals, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, α-resorcylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, unbelliferone, and quercetin, including lantadenes A and B and β-caryophyllene, suppress the germination and growth of neighboring plant species. These compounds may be involved in the defense functions and allelopathy and may contribute to L. camara’s ability to infest and to expand its population as an invasive plant species in new habitats. This is the first review to focus on how compounds enhance the invasive characteristics of L. camara.
January 2025
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8 Reads
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1 Citation
Plants
Mikania micrantha Kunth is native to tropical America and has invaded tropical and subtropical Asia and numerous Pacific Islands. It forms dense thickets and reduces native species diversity and populations in its introduced range. This invasive vine also seriously impacts many agricultural crops and is listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. Its life history characteristics, such as the production of large numbers of wind-dispersed seeds, vegetative reproduction, rapid growth, and genetic diversity all contribute to its invasiveness. In this review, we focus on how mechanisms to defend against its natural enemies boost the invasiveness of M. micrantha. It possesses potent defenses against natural enemies such as pathogenic fungi, herbivorous insects, and parasitic nematodes, and exhibits allelopathic potential against plant competitors. These defensive abilities, in concert with its formidable life history characteristics, contribute to the invasiveness of M. micrantha, potentially leading to further naturalization. Several other reviews have summarized the biology and management of the species, but ours is the first review to focus on how the defensive mechanisms of M. micrantha likely enhance its invasiveness. Relatively little is known about the array of defensive capabilities of M. micrantha; therefore, there is considerable scope for further research on its chemical defenses.
December 2024
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47 Reads
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3 Citations
Diversity
Robinia pseudoacacia is native to North America and has been introduced into many other countries in Europe, South and South East Asia, South America, Africa, and Oceania. The species has been planted intensively in a large area of these countries because of its ornamental and economic values. However, R. pseudoacacia often infests unintended places, including protected areas, and causes significant ecological impacts. The species is now listed as one of the harmful invasive plant species. The characteristics of its life-history, such as the high growth and reproduction rate and adaptive ability to various environmental conditions, may contribute to the invasiveness of the species. The defense ability against natural enemies such as pathogenic fungi and herbivores and its allelopathic potential against the competitive plant species may also contribute to its invasiveness. The R. pseudoacacia infestation alters the ecological functions of the plant community, including the soil microbe community, and reduces the abundance and diversity of the native plant species, including vertebrates and invertebrates in the introduced ranges. R. pseudoacacia is a shade intolerant and early successional tree species and is replaced by larger and more shade tolerant tree species in the native ranges, while plant succession seems not to occur always in the introduced ranges across the different ages of R. pseudoacacia stands. Several other review articles have summarized the afforestation, utilization, biology, and management of the species, but this is the first review focusing on the invasive mechanism of R. pseudoacacia and its impacts on species diversity.
December 2024
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30 Reads
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1 Citation
Agronomy
Ambrosia trifida L. is native to North America, has been introduced into many countries in Europe and East Asia, and is also expanding its habitat in its native ranges. Ambrosia trifida grows in sunny and humid environments, such as grasslands, riverbanks, floodplains, abandoned places, and agricultural fields, as an invasive plant species. Ambrosia trifida has a strong adaptive ability to adverse conditions and shows great variation in seed germination phenology and plant morphology in response to environmental conditions. Effective natural enemies have not been found in its native or introduced ranges. The species is allelopathic and contains several allelochemicals. These characteristics may contribute to the competitive ability and invasiveness of this species. Ambrosia trifida significantly reduces species diversity and plant abundance in its infested plant communities. The species also causes significant yield loss in summer crop production, such as in maize, soybean, sunflower, and cotton production. Ambrosia trifida is capable of rapid evolution against herbicide pressure. Populations of Ambrosia trifida resistant to glyphosate, ALS-inhibiting herbicides, and PPO-inhibiting herbicides, as well as cross-resistant populations, have already appeared. An integrated weed management protocol with a more diverse combination of herbicide sites of action and other practices, such as tillage, the use of different crop species, crop rotation, smart decision tools, and innovative equipment, would be essential to mitigate herbicide-dependent weed control practices and may be one sustainable system for Ambrosia trifida management.
October 2024
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68 Reads
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3 Citations
Molecules
Ageratum conyzoides L. is native to Tropical America, and it has naturalized in many other tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries in South America, Central and Southern Africa, South and East Asia, Eastern Austria, and Europe. The population of the species has increased dramatically as an invasive alien species, and it causes significant problems in agriculture and natural ecosystems. The life history traits of Ageratum conyzoides, such as its short life cycle, early reproductive maturity, prolific seed production, and high adaptive ability to various environmental conditions, may contribute to its naturalization and increasing population. Possible evidence of the molecules involved in the defense of Ageratum conyzoides against its natural enemies, such as herbivore insects and fungal pathogens, and the allelochemicals involved in its competitive ability against neighboring plant species has been accumulated in the literature. The volatiles, essential oils, extracts, residues, and/or rhizosphere soil of Ageratum conyzoides show insecticidal, fungicidal, nematocidal, and allelopathic activity. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine and echinatine, found in the species, are highly toxic and show insecticidal activity. Benzopyran derivatives precocenes I and II show inhibitory activity against insect juvenile hormone biosynthesis and trichothecene mycotoxin biosynthesis. A mixture of volatiles emitted from Ageratum conyzoides, such as β-caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, and β-farnesene, may work as herbivore-induced plant volatiles, which are involved in the indirect defense function against herbivore insects. Flavonoids, such as nobiletin, eupalestin, 5′-methoxynobiletin, 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone, and 5,6,8,3,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone, show inhibitory activity against the spore germination of pathogenic fungi. The benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives found in the species, such as protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and ferulic acid, may act as allelopathic agents, causing the germination and growth inhibition of competitive plant species. These molecules produced by Ageratum conyzoides may act as defense molecules against its natural enemies and as allelochemicals against neighboring plant species, and they may contribute to the naturalization of the increasing population of Ageratum conyzoides in new habitats as an invasive plant species. This article presents the first review focusing on the defense function and allelopathy of Ageratum conyzoides.
September 2024
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34 Reads
Applied Sciences
Logging operations of Liriodendron tulipifera L., as timber trees, and fallen leaves in autumn from ornamental trees produce a large amount of leaf waste. In this study, the allelopathy of L. tulipifera fresh and fallen leaves was investigated for the development of potential applications of leaf waste. The extracts of fresh and fallen leaves of L. tulipifera showed growth inhibitory activity against weed species, Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., and Lolium multiflorum Lam., under laboratory conditions. The powder of L. tulipifera fresh and fallen leaves also inhibited the germination of E. crus-galli under greenhouse conditions. A potent allelochemical was isolated from fresh and fallen leaf extracts through a bioassay-guided separation process, and was identified as lipiferolide. Lipiferolide inhibited the growth of L. multiflorum and Lepidum sativum in a concentration-dependent manner. This investigation suggests that the leaf waste of L. tulipifera from logging operations and fallen leaves is potentially useful for the purpose of weed control, such as through the use of soil additive materials from leaves or the creation of foliar spray from leaf extracts. The development of weed control materials using L. tulipifera leaf waste may be a means with which to minimize waste, reducing environmental impacts and economic concerns.
August 2024
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56 Reads
Phytotoxic compounds isolated and identified from different plants have the ability to use as plant-based herbicides. Phytotoxic chemicals may be essential to weed management and environmental protection in order to reduce the indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides. It has been reported that Elaeocarpus floribundus plant possesses phytotoxic compounds. The leaf extracts of this species demonstrated significant growth inhibition against the tested plants (dicot plant lettuce and plant monocot timothy) and inhibition was dose- and species-dependent pattern. Two phytotoxic compounds were separated using different purifications methods and identified as compounds 1 and 2. All phytotoxic compounds displayed potent growth limitation against the tested species (cress). The compound concentrations needed for the inhibition of 50% growth (IC50 value) of tested species ranged from 1.06 to 8.53 µM (micromolar). Findings of this research suggest that these compounds might be responsible for the phytotoxicity of Elaeocarpus floribundus plant. The results of this study may be helpful for the development of natural herbicide to control weeds.
August 2024
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64 Reads
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1 Citation
Agriculture
Ludwigia decurrens Walter, belonging to the Onagraceae family, is native to southeastern and southcentral USA and has spread quickly, colonizing wetlands in South and Central America, East and South Asia and Africa. Ludwigia decurrens also infests rice paddy fields and causes serious damage to rice production. The phenomenon of allelopathy is often observed in invasive plant species and contributes to their invasive characteristics. However, no information has been made available on the allelopathy of L. decurrens against wetland species, including Oryza sativa (rice), or on its allelochemicals. Aqueous methanol extracts of whole L. decurrens plants showed allelopathic activity against O. sativa and paddy weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli and Monochoria vaginalis in an extract-concentration-dependent manner. Two allelochemicals, loliolide and dehydrololiolide, were isolated from the L. decurrens extracts through a bioassay-guided separation process using O. sativa as the test plant species. Loliolide and dehydrololiolide also suppressed the growth of O. sativa and E. crus-galli in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, loliolide and dehydrololiolide may be involved in the allelopathy of L. decurrens and may provide a competitive advantage for L. decurrens due to their growth inhibitory activity. However, the inhibitory activity of loliolide was about 3-fold greater than that of dehydrololiolide. These investigations suggest the allelopathy of L. decurrens may play an important role in the invasion of the species into rice paddy fields and other wetlands. This is the first report on the allelopathy of L. decurrens against wetland species and the isolation and identification of the allelochemicals in L. decurrens.
July 2024
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39 Reads
Plants
The inhibitory potential of allelopathic plants is the subject of increasing research attention for their application in weed management. The sugarcane leaf is an agricultural waste product that has been reported to have allelopathic potential. Therefore, the present study determined the optimal organic solvent system and fractionation procedure to enhance the quantity of this extract and its allelopathic efficiency. Sugarcane leaves were extracted using five ethanol/water solvent ratios (v/v): 00:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:00. Their allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth were assayed in two major weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus viridis L. The results showed that the extract concentration, solvent ratio, and their interaction significantly inhibited the growth parameters in A. viridis. Consequently, a crude ethanol/water ratio of 00:100 was used to separate the active fraction via acid–base solvent partitioning. The acidic fraction (AE) exerted the greatest inhibitory effect and completely (100%) inhibited A. viridis at all concentrations, followed by the original crude fraction, neutral fraction, and aqueous fraction. Moreover, all of the fractions had selective effects, inhibiting A. viridis much more than E. crus-galli in the laboratory tests. The chemical analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry indicated that the AE fraction contained 20 different compounds. The five major compounds included alkaloids, organic acids, and phenols. Therefore, the AE fraction was selected for formulation in a concentrated suspension and tested for its herbicidal characteristics. The formulation exhibited early post-emergence activities and had a stronger effect on A. viridis compared to E. crus-galli. The physiological mechanism of the formulation was tested against A. viridis. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and H2O2 occurred in the A. viridis leaf, which suggests lipid peroxidation and cell disruption.
... The ability of the invasive plant species in the resource acquisition is one of the important factors for their infestation success in the introduced ranges [159][160][161][162][163]. Allelochemicals are synthesized, stored in the certain plant parts, and released through volatilization, root exudation, and decomposition of plant parts in the rhizosphere soil [164,165]. Therefore, allelochemicals have been identified in the extracts of the certain plant tissues (leaves, stems, and roots), volatiles, essential oil, root exudation, and rhizosphere soil [166][167][168]. ...
January 2025
Plants
... In the originally published version of the paper [1], there was a mistake in Figures 1 and 2. In Figures 1 and 2, the image of Robinia pseudoacacia fruits was mistakenly replaced with an image of Styphnolobium japonicum fruits. The corrected versions of Figures 1 and 2 appear below. ...
December 2024
Diversity
... The feeding activity of herbivorous insects often causes serious damages to the growth, development, and regeneration processes of several plant species [71][72][73]. Therefore, many plant species have developed protective traits against herbivorous insect attacks [74][75][76][77]. ...
December 2024
Agronomy
... Many invasive plants show relatively high allelopathic activity and release allelochemicals into the neighboring environment, including their rhizosphere soil [153][154][155]. Allelochemicals interrupt the germination, growth, and development of the neighboring plant species. ...
October 2024
Molecules
... However, the allelopathic effects of invasive plants on crops mainly involve growth inhibition. For example, the aqueous methanol extracts of invasive Ludwigia decurrens inhibited the growth of Oryza sativa (rice) [24]. Similarly, methanolic extracts from 30 Malaysian invasive weed species showed obvious allelopathic activities, affecting the seed survival rate and seedling growth of weedy rice [25]. ...
August 2024
Agriculture
... The fresh leaves of L. tulipifera were extracted, and the allelopathic activity of the extracts was determined by the procedure described in the published papers [48]. Test plant seeds were germinated in the dark at 25 • C for 48 h, and 10 germinated seeds of V. myuros, E. crus-galli, and L. multiflorum were incubated in Petri dishes with the extracts in darkness at 25 • C. ...
July 2024
Agronomy
... (Bark) expressed the anti-inflammation potency through the suppressing capacity of nitric oxide generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage cells (RAW264.7). Various biological activities of C. oblongifolius have been reported scientifically and may be based on the major components of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from the stem bark of C. oblongifolius 52 . It has been reported that a crude extract of Rumex spp. is a potentially effective medicine for many diseases, including inflammation, to become a clinical medicine, and anthraquinone derivatives are assumed to have antiinflammatory actions via various inhibitory mechanisms 53 . ...
March 2024
Agronomy
... Seed germination or seedling growth is usually inhibited by high extract concentrations, while low extract concentrations may actually promote seed germination and seedling growth [68][69][70]. The increase in extract concentration of Oldenlandia corymbosa significantly inhibits the growth of the tested plant seedlings, and the identified active substances significantly inhibit the growth of cress seedlings above 0.3 mM [71]. A study using the extract of Abutilon theophrasti as material, through petri dishes, potted plants, and field control experiments, showed that A. theophrasti extract has inhibitory effects on the germination, growth, and yield of maize, wheat, and soybean seeds, and the seed germination rates of all three crops are inhibited in a concentration dependent manner [72]. ...
February 2024
Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology
... Additionally, the IC 50 values of the extracts used against the hypocotyls/coleoptiles and roots of M. sativa and L. multiflorum (in this present research) showed species-dependent inhibitory activity (Table 3). Other researchers have documented similar results regarding the speciesand dose-dependent allelopathic properties for the extracts of Anredera cordifolia, Nicotiana glauca, Callistemon viminalis, and Aegle marmelos [45][46][47][48]. ...
February 2024
Plants
... It was also reported that many invasive plant species produce certain compounds, which have the defense functions against herbivorous insects [75,78,79]. ...
January 2024
Plants