Haydée Chamorro R.’s research while affiliated with Instituto Nacional del Torax and other places

Introducción: En Chile, la prevalencia de tabaquismo es cercana al 40%. En la actualidad, a pesar que los tratamientos de cesación de tabaquismo son costo-efectivos, sólo el 14% de la población tiene acceso. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la evidencia actual que existe en Chile en relación a los programas de cesación tabáquica. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos Scielo y Pubmed. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos desde 2009 a 2015 que presentaran información acerca de programas de cesación del tabaquismo. Se seleccionaron cuatro estudios. Se analizaron los diseños y metodologías de trabajo, la tasa de éxito, seguimiento y los profesionales que participaron en los programas. Resultados: Se encontraron tres programas en el sistema público y uno de una clínica privada. Las tasas de éxito fueron similares en tres de ellos, fluctuando entre 37% a los 12 meses y 48% en otro estudio, y 34% a los 6 meses, y otro grupo que tuvo sólo un 14% de éxito al año. Todos realizaron seguimientos hasta el año de completado el tratamiento, y los profesionales involucrados en los programas fueron médico, psicólogo y enfermera, agregándose kinesiólogo en uno. Conclusiones: A nivel nacional, actualmente la información disponible sobre los programas de cesación de tabaquismo es escasa. La metodología de trabajo es similar en los estudios encontrados, pero no existe un consenso a nivel nacional como una guía clínica, para el tratamiento del tabaquismo, por lo que es necesario desarrollarlas para poder implementar estos programas en diversas instituciones de salud de nuestro país.

We describe the methodology used at the Instituto Nacional del Tórax for smoking cessation, group therapy. We carried out 7 weekly sessions, where the principles of the Motivational Interview are used. There is a first stage of preparation (3 sessions), fixed D-day and then 4 sessions of follow up, for the management of deprivation syndrome, relapse prevention and maintenance of abstinence.

The aim of this article was to present an update of the theorical and methodological foundations of counseling and evidence of their effectiveness, relating to the practice of health teams and analyzing future challenges. It is described, the theorical basis, the policy directions of the Chilean Ministry of Health, the international recommended strategies and the contributions of the participants in a training program conducted by INTA with 312 professionals (nutritionists, physiotherapists and dentists mostly). The analysis of the conditions in the Primary Health Care, to implement systematically nutrition, physical activity and tobacco counseling is presented. The need to improve the practice and its contribution to a preventive approach to serious problems of physical inactivity, obesity and smoking in the Chilean population is discussed.

Background: Tobacco use is one of the main preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. This report presents the experience of the smoking cessation team from the National Thorax Institute (Instituto Nacional del Tórax-Chile). Patients and Method: A clinical series of patients treated between April 2013 and March 2014, with one-year follow-up was studied. Intervention was based on seven group sessions, with a cognitive behavioral viewpoint and pharmacological treatment (mainly varenicline). Follow-up was done through telephone calls at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Descriptive statistics and X² test were used. Results: Eighty-seven patients were treated, mean age 54 years, 63% women; 79% had a pack year index over 20; 28% had depression and 16% had COPD. 59% received varenicline. Self-reported abstinence for 12 months was 37%. No significant differences between high risk groups were found. Conclusion: The smoking cessation program done at the National Thorax Institute shows that it is feasible to implement this type of programs in the public health system of Chile with results comparable to those internationally published.

In COPD patients, smoking worsens lung function and smoking cessation reduces the fall in FEV1 and all-cause of mortality. There is a high percentage of these patients who continues smoking despite the disease due to the high degree of dependence, low motivation to quit and association with depression and false beliefs, which hampers attempts to stop smoking and reduce their success. The smoker 's treatment has two pillars: psychosocial intervention and pharmacological treatment. In COPD patients ' psychosocial intervention should be especially intense, empathic and aimed at increasing motivation and self-efficacy, using Motivational Interviewing. In pharmacotherapy, first-line drugs are nicotine replacement (NRT), bupropion and varenicline. In patients with COPD, NRT is effective and may be combined passive delivery NRT with other active delivery. Bupropion has been used, with cost-effectiveness. Varenicline in patients with mild to moderate COPD has been effective. In brief therapies for smokers with COPD should be more intense, combining pharmacological and psychosocial treatment and maintained over time.