Hans-Peter Kläring’s research while affiliated with Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops and other places

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Publications (74)


FIGURE 1 | Eigenvalue screen plot. Percentage of explained variance of the dataset covered by the principle components. For each input variable, one PC or dimension, respectively, is calculated. The percentage is derived from the proportion of the respective eigenvalue to the number of input variables (Supplementary Table S2).
FIGURE 2 | Variable correlation and representation. Projection of input variables on the factor map using PC1 and PC2. Distance from the center of the cycle represents the squared cosine, a measure for variable representation within the first two dimensions. Angle between variable vectors indicates co-correlation. Projected traits are leaf angles, leaf color (h), stomatal conductance (g sw ), transpiration (E), assimilation (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE g ), total fresh weight (FW) of root, shoot and leave, as well as the fertigation and leaf temperature difference (dT).
FIGURE 3 | Variable contribution and correlation with PCs. (A) Correlation plot to evaluate variable contribution to single PCs with an eigenvalue bigger than one. Variable contribution to PCs is indicated numerically as percentage and by color for easier pattern recognition. (B) Total contribution of variables to PC1-3. Expected average contribution is indicated by a dashed red line. The depictured traits are leaf angles, leaf color (h), stomatal conductance (g sw ), transpiration (E), assimilation (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE g ), total fresh weight (FW) of root, shoot and leave, as well as the fertigation and leaf temperature difference (dT).
FIGURE 4 | Plotted genotypes form treatment dependent clusters. Group centroids of the genotypes and their respective treatment were used for plotting. Group centroids were calculated from the individual coordinates of each sample within PC1-3 (Supplementary Table S3). Treatment (color) and genotype (shape) were used to visually examine the genotypes.
FIGURE 5 | Visual investigation of normal distribution of z-score transformed distances. (A) Observed z-scores were plotted against the theoretical distribution. The theoretical ideal normal distribution is indicated as straight line, while the gray shading indicates a confidence interval. (B) Density plot results in a bell shaped curve, indicating a normal distribution. Z-scores of individual observations are indicated by the rug. The dashed black line shows the mean of all samples.

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Discovering Tolerance—A Computational Approach to Assess Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Tomato Under Greenhouse Conditions
  • Article
  • Full-text available

July 2022

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386 Reads

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5 Citations

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Linh T. Bach

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Hans-Peter Kläring

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[...]

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Modern plant cultivars often possess superior growth characteristics, but within a limited range of environmental conditions. Due to climate change, crops will be exposed to distressing abiotic conditions more often in the future, out of which heat stress is used as example for this study. To support identification of tolerant germplasm and advance screening techniques by a novel multivariate evaluation method, a diversity panel of 14 tomato genotypes, comprising Mediterranean landraces of Solanum lycopersicum, the cultivar “Moneymaker” and Solanum pennellii LA0716, which served as internal references, was assessed toward their tolerance against long-term heat stress. After 5 weeks of growth, young tomato plants were exposed to either control (22/18°C) or heat stress (35/25°C) conditions for 2 weeks. Within this period, water consumption, leaf angles and leaf color were determined. Additionally, gas exchange and leaf temperature were investigated. Finally, biomass traits were recorded. The resulting multivariate dataset on phenotypic plasticity was evaluated to test the hypothesis, that more tolerant genotypes have less affected phenotypes upon stress adaptation. For this, a cluster-analysis-based approach was developed that involved a principal component analysis (PCA), dimension reduction and determination of Euclidean distances. These distances served as measure for the phenotypic plasticity upon heat stress. Statistical evaluation allowed the identification and classification of homogeneous groups consisting each of four putative more or less heat stress tolerant genotypes. The resulting classification of the internal references as “tolerant” highlights the applicability of our proposed tolerance assessment model. PCA factor analysis on principal components 1–3 which covered 76.7% of variance within the phenotypic data, suggested that some laborious measure such as the gas exchange might be replaced with the determination of leaf temperature in larger heat stress screenings. Hence, the overall advantage of the presented method is rooted in its suitability of both, planning and executing screenings for abiotic stress tolerance using multivariate phenotypic data to overcome the challenge of identifying abiotic stress tolerant plants from existing germplasms and promote sustainable agriculture for the future.

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Figure 1. Effect of PPFD on net photosynthesis in the course of the light phase. Prior to analysis, photosynthesis data of each day and chamber are related to the average of the second hour at the maximum PPFD (time 9 to 10). Photosynthesis data show the mean and 95% confidence band of 8 replications. CO2 concentration data depict the corresponding mean of these replications. Transpiration rose or sloped steeply as the result of changed PPFD. Within a few minutes the gradient diminished continually. However, transpiration did not fully reach the steady state during the 2 h of constant PPFD (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Effect of PPFD on transpiration in the course of the light phase. Prior to analysis, transpiration data of each day and chamber are related to the average of the second hour at the maximum PPFD (time 9 to 10). Transpiration data show the mean and 95% confidence band of 8 replications. CO2 concentration data depict the corresponding mean of these replications.
Figure 7. Net photosynthesis depending on PPFD and CO2 concentration. Prior to analysis, data in each cycle and chamber are related to the corresponding average of the second hour at the highest PPFD of 830 µmol m −2 s −1 of the third day (high PPFD, time 1.5 to 2.5) of the corresponding cycle and chamber. Points depict the mean values of all cycles and both chambers after adaptation to the corresponding PPFD (time 3.5 to 15.5), and the area is defined by the non-linear regression function: P = 2.86 • 1 − í µí±’ .....• • •1 − í µí±’ .....• .
Figure 8. Transpiration depending on PPFD and CO2 concentration. Prior to analysis, data in each cycle and chamber are related to the corresponding average of the second hour at the highest PPFD of 830 µmol m −2 s −1 (high PPFD, time 1.5 to 2.5) of the third day of the corresponding cycle and chamber. Points depict the mean values of all cycles and both chambers, and the area is defined by the non-linear regression function: TR = 12.4 • 1 − í µí±’ ..• − 0.000149 • CO .
Figure 9. WUE depending on PPFD and CO2 concentration. Prior to analysis, data in each cycle and chamber are related to the corresponding average of the second hour at the highest PPFD of 830 µmol m −2 s −1 (high PPFD, time 1.5 to 2.5) of the third day of the corresponding cycle and chamber. Points depict the mean values of all cycles and both chambers, and the area is defined by the linear regression function: WUE = 0.423 + 0.00101 • CO + 0.0423 • t.
Light-Mediated Reduction in Photosynthesis in Closed Greenhouses Can Be Compensated for by CO2 Enrichment in Tomato Production

December 2021

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395 Reads

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6 Citations

Concepts of semi-closed greenhouses can be used to save energy, whereas their technical equipment often causes a decrease in the light received by the plants. Nevertheless, higher yields are achieved, which are presumably triggered by a higher CO2 concentration in the greenhouse and associated higher photosynthesis because of the technical cooling and the longer period of closed ventilation. Therefore, we examined the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and CO2 concentration on plant photosynthesis and transpiration in tomato using a multiple cuvette gas exchange system. In a growth chamber experiment, we demonstrated that a light-mediated reduction in photosynthesis can be compensated or even overcompensated for by rising CO2 concentration. Increasing the CO2 concentration from 400 to 1000 µmol mol−1 within the PPFD range from 303 to 653 µmol m−2 s−1 resulted in an increase in net photosynthesis of 51%, a decrease in transpiration of 5 to 8%, and an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency of 60%. Estimations showed that light reductions of 10% can be compensated for via increasing the CO2 concentration by about 100 µmol mol−1 and overcompensated for by about 40% if CO2 concentration is kept at 1000 instead of 400 µmol mol−1.


Design of a Real-Time Gas-Exchange Measurement System for Crop Stands in Environmental Scenarios

May 2020

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255 Reads

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4 Citations

In contrast to conducting measurements on single plants, canopy gas exchange monitored continuously and for large batches of plants can give high-value data for crop physiological models. To this end, a system including eight airtight greenhouse cabins with a ground area of 28.8 m² and a volume of 107.8 m³ each was designed for measuring the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of crop stands following the general principle of semi-open chambers. The measuring facility consists of a set of mass flow meters allowing air exchange rates between 0.5 h⁻¹ and 19 h⁻¹ (i.e., m³ gas per m³ greenhouse air per hour) and CO2 supply rates up to 4 L min⁻¹ (i.e., ca. 14.9 g m⁻² greenhouse h⁻¹) and sensors for measuring the concentrations of CO2 and H2O. There are four separated belowground troughs per cabin for the root environment that can be operated as individual gas exchange chambers measuring the belowground gas exchange for example root zone respiration. This paper outlines a demonstration of the possibilities and constraints for measuring crop gas exchange in combination with crop model validation for larger crop stands under various conditions and discusses them along with examples.



Development of an optimal model-based ion-specific nutrition control system for horticultural crops

July 2019

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80 Reads

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1 Citation

Acta Horticulturae

Closed fertilisation systems improve the water use efficiency of greenhouse crop production, which reduces groundwater pollution considerably. However, the uptake ratio of water and the individual nutrients is not constant over the cultivation period of most crops. This may result in ion imbalances in the nutrient solution if the composition of the supply solution is not adequately adapted to the growth stage of the crop and the growing conditions. To overcome this, it is necessary to develop an ion-specific nutrition control system. The optimal composition of the supply solution can be estimated based on models of the plant’s water and nutrient uptake depending on the stage of its phenological development and environmental conditions. Ion-specific sensors can then measure the composition of the drainage solution online and use it as feedback control. In an initial trial, the research team varied the total concentration of nutrients expressed as electrical conductivity (EC) depending on the climate in the greenhouse. This strategy was compared to the supply of nutrient solution of a constant EC of 3 dS m-1, as this level is often used in horticultural practice. Tomato cultivar ‘Pannovy’ was grown in rock wool slabs in a greenhouse with ten closed nutrient cycles at Grossbeeren from April 22 to August 24, 2015. Ion-specific sensors measured the nutrient composition of the drainage solution online. Additionally, laboratory measurements were carried out every 14 days to determine the nutrient composition of the supply and drainage solution. The climate-driven adjustment of the EC in the nutrient solution supplied to the plants resulted in a more stable and on average lower EC in the drainage solution compared to the supply of solution at a constant EC of 3 dS m-1. During a harvest period of 10 weeks, the model-based treatment provided a 30% higher yield and a lower fraction of fruit with blossom-end rot compared to a constant EC.


Average fluxes of (a) CO2 (mg CO2‐C day⁻¹ plant⁻¹) and (b) N2O (mg N2O‐N day⁻¹ plant⁻¹) in the control (black) and fruit removal (red) treatments over the course of the experiment. Grey (control) and pink (fruit removal) error bands indicate 95% confidence intervals, interpolated linearly between the three‐hourly measurements. Asterisks at the x‐axis indicate significant differences between daily means of the two treatments according to Welch's t test. Ticks on the x‐axis reflect mid‐days. Note that on July 7 N2O data was lost
Average fluxes of (a) CO2 (mg CO2-C day−1 plant−1) and (b) N2O (mg N2O-N day−1 plant−1) in the control (black) and fruit removal
(red) treatments over the course of the experiment. Grey (control) and pink (fruit removal) error bands indicate 95% confidence intervals,
interpolated linearly between the three-hourly measurements. Asterisks at the x-axis indicate significant differences between daily means of the
two treatments according to Welch's t test. Ticks on the x-axis reflect mid-days. Note that on July 7 N2O data was lost
Carbon sink reduction by fruit removal triggers respiration but not nitrous oxide emissions from the root zone of cucumber

June 2019

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29 Reads

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5 Citations

Root exudation of organic carbon (C) is generally believed to be the cause of positive effects of root activity on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We tested the effects of root exudation in an actual soil–plant system on N2O emissions while excluding most other potential factors. The C source/sink ratio in cucumber was changed by removing fruits to increase root exudation. Root‐zone emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O were monitored in complete stands of adult plants in a greenhouse. Whereas CO2 emissions rapidly increased as a result of fruit removal the N2O emissions were completely unaffected. After cutting the shoots CO2 emissions decreased within 2 weeks in both the fruit removal treatment and the control to a value significantly lower than that before the start of the treatments. However, N2O emissions immediately exhibited a short peak, which was significantly higher in the fruit removal treatment compared to the control. Thereafter N2O emissions in both treatments remained on the same level but considerably higher than before shoot cutting. We concluded that in a well‐aerated root zone, a root exudation pulse does not necessarily increase N2O emissions, because C substrates are quickly respired by microorganisms before they can support heterotrophic denitrification. The results further indicate the significance of dying/dead roots for the creation of denitrificaton hot‐spots, which likely result from providing C substrates as well as poorly aerated habitats.


Energiespeicher und deren Potentiale zur Integration im Gewächshausanbau

February 2018

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125 Reads

Die anstehenden Veränderungen im Energiesektor im Zuge der Abkehr von fossiler Energie hin zu den erneuerbaren Energien sind groß. Um auch zukünftig die Versorgungssicherheit zu gewährleisten, bilden Energiespeicher und energieeffiziente Maßnahmen zentrale Elemente dieser Veränderungen. Dies gilt sektorenübergreifend und für alle Wirtschaftszweige, so auch für den energieintensiven Gewächshausanbau, der nicht nur als Energieverbraucher, sondern ebenso als Solarenergiesammler anzusehen ist. Doch lässt sich diese überschüssige Energie auch längerfristig speichern und bei Bedarf intern wieder abrufen? Oder gibt es Möglichkeiten, den Gewächshausanbau in einer Win-win-Situation mit dem Energiesektor zu koppeln?


Nutzungsmöglichkeiten ionenselektiver Elektroden in geschlossenen Bewässerungssystemen

February 2018

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246 Reads

Ionenselektive Elektroden (ISE) werden meist in Laboren zur potentiometrischen Bestimmung der Aktivität eines bestimmten Ions in einer Lösung mit verschiedenen Ionen verwendet. Für die Pflanzenernährung relevante Elektroden sind unter anderem für NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Na+ und Cl—Ionen verfügbar. Der Einsatz von ISE in der gartenbaulichen Praxis scheiterte bisher vor allem aufgrund der hohen Kosten, der kurzen Lebensdauer der Elektroden und der Notwendigkeit einer häufigen Kalibrierung. ISE können prinzipiell ähnlich wie pH- und EC-Sonden in das Rohrsystem von Bewässerungssystemen eingebaut werden, allerdings sind die Druckverhältnisse und die Durchflussmengen anzupassen. Daher wurden in einer Anlage am IGZ Großbeeren ISE in einem regelbaren Bypass installiert. Im Vergleich zu pH- und EC-Sonden ist mit einer längeren Stabilisierungszeit zu rechnen. Ein ständiges Verweilen in Nährlösungen führte zu einer schnelleren Sensoralterung, darüber hinaus wurden durch Temperaturänderungen die Messergebnisse beeinflusst. Eine andere Möglichkeit besteht darin, Proben der Nährlösung und des Drains einer Messeinheit mit ISE zuzuführen. Auf diese Weise sind die Elektroden nur kurzzeitig in Kontakt mit dem zu messenden Medium. Außerdem vereinfacht ein solches Messsystem die häufig notwendigen Kalibrierungen. Daher wurde an der HU Berlin eine Messeinheit entwickelt, die automatisiert alle Elektroden gleichzeitig kalibriert. Die Zuführung verschiedener Nährlösungen und Drainproben zur Messeinheit erfolgt softwaregesteuert aus bis zu 4 Kreisläufen. Beide Varianten der Integration von ISE in geschlossenen Bewässerungssystemen wurden getestet. Obwohl technisch anspruchsvoll, konnten einige Probleme, die aktuell den Einsatz ionenselektiver Elektroden behindern, gelöst werden. Unter Verwendung der erfassten Konzentrationen von NO3-, K+, Ca2+ und Cl—Ionen in der Nährlösung bzw. im Drain wurde ein Algorithmus zum Anmischen von Nährlösungen unter Verwendung von bis zu acht Stammlösungen entwickelt. Dies ermöglicht die schnelle und ionenspezifische Anpassung der Nährlösung an den Pflanzenbedarf.


Mehrertrag durch häufige Anpassung der Düngerrezeptur

February 2018

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50 Reads

Im Rahmen eines mehrjährigen Verbundvorhabens wurden Möglichkeiten der Optimierung geschlossener Wasser- und Nährstoffkreisläufe für Gewächshauskulturen untersucht. Dazu ist eine Anlage zur ionenspezifischen Steuerung der Nährlösung entwickelt worden, bei der einerseits Modelle der Wasser- und Nährstoffaufnahme integriert wurden und andererseits die Mengen und die Zusammensetzung des Drains berücksichtigt wurden. Als Versuchsanlage diente eine Gewächshauskabine mit 10 separat regelbaren geschlossenen Nährstoffkreisläufen, jeweils ausgestattet mit Nährlösungs- und Rücklauftank. Alle Nährlösungs- und Drainmengen wurden quantifiziert. Die Nährlösungsanmischung unter Verwendung variabler Drainmengen erfolgte unter Verwendung von 8 Stammlösungen, die eine gezielte Dosierung einzelner Nährstoffe ermöglicht. In der Anlage wurden permanent die Konzentrationen der NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Na+ und Cl--Ionen im Drain mit Hilfe von eingebauten ionenselektiven Elektroden erfasst und für die Berechnung der Nährlösungsanmischung verwendet. Im Jahr 2016 wurde ein Tomatenversuch mit 4 Wiederholungen (jeweils 42 Pflanzen) angelegt, bei der die Mittelwerte der Drainmessungen von 2-3 Tagen (ca. 6-8 Anmischungvorgänge je Wiederholung) für die Berechnung der Düngerrezeptur verwendet wurden (Variante Modell). Außerdem gingen in die Berechnung die Sollwerte der Nährionenkonzentrationen in der Nährlösung und die verwendeten Rücklaufmengen ein. Die Anpassung erfolgte zweimal wöchentlich. Demgegenüber wurde die Nährlösungszusammensetzung der Referenzvariante alle 14 Tage auf Grundlage der Laborwerte angepasst. Der Versuchszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 15.03.- 25.07.2016. In der Entwicklung der Blattfläche und des Fruchtansatzes zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Varianten. Die Erträge lagen bis Ende Mai auf ähnlichem Niveau, im Juni bei der modellgesteuerten Variante meist signifikant höher und ab Juli wiederum bei beiden Varianten auf gleichem Niveau. Der Gesamtertrag (A-Qualität) war bei der modellgesteuerten Variante um ca. 10% höher. Der Anteil der Früchte mit Blütenendfäule lag bei der Referenzvariante im Mai signifikant höher, danach jedoch auf gleichem Niveau wie bei der modellgesteuerten Variante. Die Gesamtmasse an Früchten mit Blütenendfäule lag bei der Referenzvariante um 36% über der modellgesteuerten Variante. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch eine häufigere Anpassung der Nährlösungszusammensetzung der Anteil von Früchten mit Blütenendfäule deutlich gesenkt und dadurch ein Mehrertrag erzielt werden konnte.


Fig. 1: Effect of the solar collector fraction, the TES-volume and PCM-fraction on the TES-temperature, heat pump efficiency and solar savings fraction 
Energy Simulation Tool for Active Solar Collector Greenhouses

August 2017

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136 Reads

Due to the fact that greenhouses need big amounts of energy (esp. for heating purposes in temperate zones), there is a growing interest on new technical systems to save energy and fossil resources. In this context, the inclusion of active solar thermal systems in greenhouses for energy harvesting and plant production represents an interesting solution. However, the standard tools for energetic evaluation of greenhouses are not able to evaluate completely and satisfactorily all the components of a closed or semi-closed installation consisting of a greenhouse, a solar collector, a heat pump and thermal energy storage device. Therefore it seems useful to extend the spectrum of planning and analyzing tools. For this purpose, a user-friendly computer simulation tool was developed using MS-Excel®. The underlying model (partially empirically determined) makes use of iterative algorithms for annual energy simulation of the mentioned greenhouses and allows to define input variables for weather, dimensions, technical equipment, efficiency factors and temperature set-points. Energy modeling allows to conduct a scenario analysis to compare different assumptions about the technical system. As example, a solar thermal collector greenhouse (collector area 33%, 66% and 100%) with heat pump system for cooling as well as heating, and seasonal thermal energy storage with different storage media (water and phase-change material) was simulated. The simulation results refers to the temperature of the thermal energy storage device, the reduction of fossil fuels for heating the greenhouse and the efficiency ratios of the heat pump for cooling (SEER) as well as heating (HSPF).


Citations (44)


... Especially, the mathematical models in previous studies were all constructed with multiple indicators. However, in the breeding process, relying on measuring multiple germination indicators to determine salt tolerance is often time-consuming and laborious (Biermann et al., 2022). The models constructed with multiple indicators assign different weights to each variable feature, which can also easily ignore variables with low importance and miss information on key variables (Toda et al., 2021). ...

Reference:

Salt tolerance evaluation and key salt-tolerant traits at germination stage of upland cotton
Discovering Tolerance—A Computational Approach to Assess Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Tomato Under Greenhouse Conditions

... The interaction between CO2 and temperature also influences key processes, such as Rubisco activity, which operates efficiently at optimal temperatures, maximizing carbon fixation and, consequently, biomass accumulation. Studies conducted under winter conditions, when irradiance is low, showed that CO2 enrichment up to 1000 µmol mol −1 increased net photosynthesis by 51% and water use efficiency by 60%, effectively offsetting light limitations [27]. Additionally, during the transition from winter to spring, tomato leaves adjusted their light compensation point, enhancing photosynthesis and transpiration due to increased CO2 levels and greater irradiance [28]. ...

Light-Mediated Reduction in Photosynthesis in Closed Greenhouses Can Be Compensated for by CO2 Enrichment in Tomato Production

... This may enable the monitoring of long-term trends in whole-system photosynthesis and transpiration (184). While this approach has been shown to work in research greenhouses (171,172), it might be challenging to use in crop production due to lack of proper air mixing (leading to inaccurate sampling), leaks, and standardization when plants are added or removed. To solve the last problem and update knowledge on biomass and leaf area, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), time-of-flight (ToF), stereo imaging, and structured light can be used to acquire 3D point clouds. ...

Design of a Real-Time Gas-Exchange Measurement System for Crop Stands in Environmental Scenarios

... Researchers have stated that carbon sink reduction by fruit removal triggers respiration but not nitrous oxide emissions from the root zone of cucumber (Nett et al., 2019). ...

Carbon sink reduction by fruit removal triggers respiration but not nitrous oxide emissions from the root zone of cucumber

... Some of the most common crops grown in hydroponic floriculture production include cut flowers, such as roses, chrysanthemums, and lilies, as well as potted plants, such as orchids, poinsettias, and African violets [62]. Other popular crops include bedding plants, such as petunias and impatiens, as well as foliage plants, such as ferns and philodendrons [63]. ...

Strategies to control water and nutrient supplies to greenhouse crops. A review
  • Citing Article
  • January 2001

... However, this technique achieves a greater reduction of nitrates in the spring cycle compared to the summer cycle, probably due to the higher intensity of radiation present during the summer. Furthermore, these climatic influences on nitrate accumulation in lettuce were also observed in a study by Urlićet al. (2017), which showed that reducing the NO 3 -:NH 4 + ratio decreases nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves. A recent study explored an innovative method to reduce nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves: the application of glycinebetaine (GB), a quaternary ammonium compound that is endogenously accumulated in many higher plants (though not in lettuce) and is a natural part of the human diet. ...

Effect of NO 3 and NH 4 concentrations in nutrient solution on yield and nitrate concentration in seasonally grown leaf lettuce
  • Citing Article
  • July 2017

... Night-time warming was shown to increase the ecosystem's carbon efficiency by more than 50% (Wang et al., 2020a). Increased respiration from night-time warming may also have implications on overall biomass accumulation (Kläring & Schmidt, 2017;Sunoj et al., 2016Sunoj et al., , 2020. For example, maize growth was negatively affected by higher night-time warming while the reverse was the case for greater daytime warming (Sunoj et al., 2016). ...

Diurnal Temperature Variations Significantly Affect Cucumber Fruit Growth
  • Citing Article
  • January 2017

HortScience

... In horticultural production, nutrient supply is easily controlled by the amount and the electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution (Kläring et al., 1999). An EC of 0.8 -1.2 dS·m -1 and a pH of 5.2 -6.2 is used for fertilization purposes in conventional phalaenopsis cultivation (Anthura, 2017). ...

CONTROL OF CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION IN SOILLESS GROWING SYSTEMS, DEPENDING ON GREENHOUSE CLIMATE - ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
  • Citing Conference Paper
  • December 1999

Acta Horticulturae

... CO2 enrichment not only enhances yield but also improves the nutritional quality of crops. In red leaf lettuce, CO2 concentrations of 1000 ppm increased both yield and the accumulation of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoid glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives [150]. Similarly, in kale, CO2 concentrations between 700 and 1600 ppm promoted physical growth and the accumulation of glucosinolates. ...

CO2 enrichment can produce high red leaf lettuce yield while increasing most flavonoid glycoside and some caffeic acid derivative concentrations

Food Chemistry

... Models improvements by implementation of dynamic LUE and SLA parameters depending on the radiation levels were carried out (Kage et al., 2001a ,b). In broccoli, reduced radiation levels also cause reduced dry matter production and an increase in SLA (Kläring, 1998; Mourão and Hadley, 1998; Francescangeli et al., 2007). Prediction models which include dry matter production with dynamic changes in SLA and LUE as functions of environmental conditions or models which consider plant to plant variation has been presented in literature. ...

Growth of broccoli as affected by global radiation and air temperature
  • Citing Article
  • May 1998