... Determining product modules [58,317] Determining modules via clustering analysis [46,47,50,56,311,[318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327] Clustering via evolutionary algorithms [41,45,[328][329][330][331][332][333][334][335][336][337] Clustering with the criterion of intellectual property protection when outsourcing [48,49] Clustering with the criterion of component volatility and option value [43,338] Sequencing to determine architectural levels [51,339] Analyzing change propagation [42, 52-54, 277, 289, 340-344] Calculating modularity metrics [21,29,55,62,315,[345][346][347] Calculating other metrics (e.g., row and column sums to ascertain interface intensity and priority, fan-in and fan-out, degree of connectivity, visibility, etc.) [27,221,282,312,348] Expanding or dithering the matrix to differing levels of detail [349] Calculating the difference between two DSMs as a "delta DSM" (∆DSM) [35,350,351] 2.1. 1 Building Product DSMs Product DSMs are challenging to build because of the large amount of included knowledge, and because of varied interpretations of a product's decomposition and structural relationships. ...